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THE 

AMERICAN CITIZEN'S 



BFJXr. A COMPUEIIKX.SIVE 



HISTORICAL, STATISTICAL, TOPOGRAPHICAL, AND 
POLITICAL VIEW 



UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA, 

AND OF THE 

SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES. 




CAREFULLY COMPILED FROM THE LATEST AUTHORITIES, 



;av> 



vr<\ AND PUBLISHED BY 



W . H O B A R T H A I) L E Y , 

NEW-YORK. 

Stereotyped by Vincent L. Dill, 12S Fulton-street. 
Printed by S. W. Benedict, 12S Fulton-street. 

1840. i 



CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Declaration of Independence, - - - 1 

Constitution of the United States, ... 5 

Amendments to the Constitution, - - - 16 

Washington's Inaugural Address, - - - 19 

Washington's Farewell Address, - - - 22 

Jefferson's inaugural Address, - - - 36- 

Biography of the Presidents, - - - - 40 

Explanation of the American coat of Arms, - - 41 

General statistics op the inited states government, 42 

Treasury Department, .... 44 

Exports and Imports within the commercial year 1839, 45 

Of the Public Debt, ..... 47 

Issue and redemption of Treasury Notes in 1839, - 48 
Imports into the United States from the 1st of October 

1821, to the 30th of September 1838, - - 51 

Exports of the United States for same period, - - 53 

Statistics of the United States. Navy, - - - 57 

Statistics of the United States Army, ... 03 

Post Office, ...... Jb, 

Value of foreign coin in money of the United States, - 04 

Statistics of the Press, . . - . //^^ 
Principal Executive and Judiciary Officers, Foreign IMin- 

isters, &c. - - - - - G5 

Population of the United States, - - - G8 

General Statistics of the individual States, - - G9 
Qualifications (?f Officers and appointment of Judges, &c. 

in the several States, - - - - 73 

Military Force — Revolutionary Pensioners, - - 78 

Universities and Colleges in the United States, - 79 

Religious Denominations, - - - - 80 

. Principal Rail Roads finished and in progress, - 81 

Principal Canals, " " " . . 82 
Indian Warriors near Western Frontier, Ministers, Con- 
suls, Diplomatic and Commercial Agents of the 

United States in foreign countries, - - 83 
Topographical and Statistical Observations on the States 

and Territories, ... - - 89 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES 
OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary 
for one people to dissolve the political bands which have con- 
nected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of 
the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of 
nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect of the 
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes 
which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men' are cre- 
ated equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain 
unahenable rights ; that among these, are hfe, liberty, and the 
pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments 
are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the 
consent of the governed ; and that, whenever any form of gov- 
ernment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the 
people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, 
laying its foundations on such principles, and organizing its pow- 
ers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their 
safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that gov- 
ernments long established, should not be changed for light and 
transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience has shewn that 
mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, 
than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they 
are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpa- 
tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to re- 
duce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their 
duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards 
for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance 
of the colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains 
them to alter their former systems of government. The history 
of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated in- 
juries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establish- 
ment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, 
let facts be submitted to a candid world : 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and ne- 
cessary for the public good. 



2 DECLARATION OF 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and 
pressing importance, unless suspended in their operations till his 
assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utter- 
ly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of 
large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the 
right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to 
them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, un- 
comfortable, and distant from the repository of their public re- 
cords, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance 
with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for oppos- 
ing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause 
others to be elected : whereby the legislative powers, incapable 
of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their ex- 
ercise ; the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the 
dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; 
for that purpose, obstructing the laws of naturalization of for- 
eigners, refusing to pass others to encourage their migration 
thither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his 
assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the 
tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their 
salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their sub- 
stance. 

He has kept among us, in time of peace, standing armies, with- 
out the consent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and su- 
perior to, the civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction 
foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; 
giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation. 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us. 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any 
murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these 
states : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 



INDEPENDENCE. rf 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefit of trial by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended 
offences : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighbor- 
ing province, establishing there an arbitrary government, and 
enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example 
and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into 
these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable 
laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves 
invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his 
protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our 
towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time, transporting large armies of foreign merce- 
naries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, 
already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarce- 
ly paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy 
the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow citizens, taken captive on the 
high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the exe- 
cutioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by 
their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en- 
deavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the mer- 
ciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undis- 
tinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for re- 
dress, in the most humble terms. Our repeated petitions, have been 
answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is 
thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to 
be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have v^^e been wanting in attentions to our British breth- 
ren. We have warned them, from time to time, of the attempts, 
by their legislature, to extend an unw^arrantable jurisdiction over 
us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emi- 
gration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native 
justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the 
ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which 
would enevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. 
They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consan- 
guinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which de- 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



nounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of 
mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Su- 
preme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our intentions, 
do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these 
colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies 
are, and of right out to be, free and Independent States ; that 
they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and 
that all political connexion between them and the state of Great 
Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free 
and Independent States, they have full power to levy war, con- 
clude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all 
other acts and things which Independent States may of right do. 
And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on 
the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each 
other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

The forgoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engross- 
ed and signed by the following members : 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



New-Hampshire. 

Joseph Bartlett, 
William Whipple, 
Mathew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay. 

Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island. 

Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

Connecticut. 

Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

New- York. 

William Floyd, 
Phillip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 



New-Jersey. 

Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. 

Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

Delaivare. 

Csesar Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. 

Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone. 



Charles Carroll, of 
CarroUton. 

Virginia. 

George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jr. 
Francis LightfootLee, 
Carter Braxton, 

North Carolina. 

William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

South Carolina. 

Edward IJutledge, 
Thomas Hey ward, Jr. 
Thomas Lynch, Jr. 
Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. 

Button Guinett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, 
provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, 
and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our poster- 
ity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United 
States of America. 

ARTICLE I. 

Sec. I. — All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested 
in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Sen- 
ate and House of Representatives. 

Sec. II. — 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed 
of members chosen every second year, by the people of the 
several states : and the electors in each state shall have the quali- 
fications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of 
the state legislature. 

2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have at- 
tained the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citi- 
zen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an 
inhabitant of the state in which he shall be chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among 
the several states which may be included within this union, ac- 
cording to their respective numbers, which shall be determined 
by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those 
bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not 
taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration 
shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the 
Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term 
of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty 
thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative : 
and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New- 
Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three ; Massachusetts eight ; 
Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one ; Connecticut five ; 
New-York six ; New- Jersey four ; Pennsylvania eight ; Delaware 
one ; Maryland six ; Virginia ten ; North Carolina five ; South 
Carolina five ; Georgia three. 

4. When vacancies shall happen in the representation from 



6 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of elec- 
tion to fill such vacancies. 

5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and 
other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Sec. III. — 1. The Senate of the United States shall be com- 
posed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature 
thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence 
of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, 
into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class 
shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the se- 
cond class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class, 
at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be 
chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation 
or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, 
the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until 
the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such va- 
cancies. 

3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attamed 
the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
state for which he shall be chosen. 

4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be Presi- 
dent of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally 
divided. 

5. The Senate shall choose their other officers and also a presi- 
dent pro-tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when 
he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 

6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeach- 
ments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or 
affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, 
the Chief Justice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted 
without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment, shall not extend fur- 
ther than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and 
enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, under the United 
States ; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and 
subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according 
to law. 

Sec. IV. — 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elec- 
tions for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each 
state, by the legislature thereof ; but the Congress may, at any 
time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the 
places of choosing senators. 



UNITED STATES. 7 

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year ; 
and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, un- 
less they shall by law appoint a different day. 

Sec. V. — 1. Each house shall be judge of the elections, returns 
and qualifications of its own members ; and a majority of each 
shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number 
may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel 
the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under 
such penalties, as each house may provide. 

2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, 
punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and, with the con- 
currence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from 
time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in 
their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the 
members of either house on any question, shall, at the desire of 
one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 

4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, with- 
out the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, 
nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be 
sitting. 

Sec. VI, — 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a 
compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and 
paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all 
cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privi- 
leged from arrest, during their attendance at the session of their 
respective houses, and in going to or returning from the same ; 
and for any speech in debate in either house, they shall not be 
questioned in any other place. 

2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for 
which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the 
authority of the United States, which shall have been created, 
or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during 
such time ; and no person holding any office under the United 
States, shall be a member of either house, during his continuance 
in office. 

Sec. VII. — 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in 
the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or 
concur with amendments as on other bills. 

2. Every bill, which shall have passed the House of Repre- 
sentatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be pre- 
sented to the President of the United States, if he approve, he 
shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it with his objections, to 
that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the 



CONSTITUTION OF THE 



objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. 
If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree 
to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the 
other house, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall 
become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both houses 
shall be determined by yeas and nays ; and the names of the per- 
sons voting for and against the bill, shall be entered on the journals 
of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by 
the President, within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall 
have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like man- 
ner as if he had signed it, unless Congress, by their adjourn- 
ment, prevent its return ; in which case it shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence 
of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary 
(except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the 
President of the United States : and before the same shall take 
effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, 
shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Re- 
presentatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in 
the case of a bill. 

Sec. VIII. — The Congress shall have power — 

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises ; to 
pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general 
welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises 
shall be uniform throughout the United States. 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States : 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the 
several states, and with the Indian tribes : 

4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform 
laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United 
States : 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign 
coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures : 

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the secu- 
rities and current coin of the United States: 

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads : 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by se- 
curing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive 
right to their respective writings and discoveries : 

9. To consitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court : 

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on 
the high seas, and offences against the law of nations : 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and 
make rules concerning captures on land and water : 



UNITED STATES. 9 

12. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of 
money to that use, shall be for a longer term than two years : 

13. To provide and maintain a navy : 

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the 
land and naval forces : 

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws 
of the union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions : 

16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the mili- 
tia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in 
the service of the United States, reserving to the states respect- 
ively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of train- 
ing the militia, according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, 
over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by 
cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, be- 
come the seat of government of the United States, and to exer- 
cise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of 
the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the 
erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other need- 
ful buildings : And 

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper, for 
carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other pow- 
ers vested by this constitution in the government of the United 
States, or in any department or officer thereof. 

Sec. IX. — 1. The migration or importation of such persons 
as any of the states, now existing, shall think proper to admit, 
shall not be prohibited by the Congress, prior to the year one thou- 
sand eight hundred and eight : but a tax or duty may be imposed 
on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- 
pended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public 
safety may require it. 

3. No bill of attainder, or ex-post-facto law, shall be passed. 

4. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in pro- 
portion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to 
be taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any 
state. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of 
commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of an- 
other ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state, be obliged to 
enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in conse- 
quence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement 



10 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money 
shall be published from time to time. 

7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; 
and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, 
shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, 
emolument, office or title of any kind whatever, from any king, 
prince, or foreign state. 

Sec. X. — 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or 
confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin mo- 
ney ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin 
a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post- 
facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts ; or grant 
any title of nobility. 

2. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any 
imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be ab- 
solutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the 
nett produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on im- 
ports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the Uni- 
ted States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and 
control of the Congress. No state shall, without the consent of 
Congress, lay any duty of tonage, keep troops or ships of war, in 
time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with anoth- 
er state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actu- 
ally invaded, or in such iminent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

Sec. I. — 1. The executive power shall be vested in a Presi- 
dent of the United States of America. He shall hold his office 
during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-Presi- 
dent, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : 

2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature 
thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole 
number of senators and representatives to which the state may 
be entitled in the Congress ; but no senator or repi-esentative, or 
person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, 
shall be appointed an elector. 

3. [Annulled. See Amendments, art. 12.] 

4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the elec- 
tors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day 
shall be the same throughout the United States. 

5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the 
United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, 
shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any per- 



UNITED STATES. H 

son be eligible to that office, who shall not have attained the age 
of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within 
the United States. 

6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of 
his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and 
duties of said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-Presi- 
dent ; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of re- 
moval, death, resignation, or inabihty, both of the President and 
Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, 
and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be re- 
moved, or a President shall be elected. 

7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services 
a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished 
during the period for which he shall have been elected ; and he 
shall not receive, within that period, any other emolument from 
the United States, or any of them. 

8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take 
the following oath or affirmation : — 

'• I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute 
the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best 
of my abihty, preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of 
the United States." 

Sec. II. — 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the 
army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the 
several states, when called into the actual service of the United 
States : he may require the opinion in writing, of the principal 
officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject 
relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have 
power to grant reprieves and pardons for oiTences against the 
United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent 
of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the sen- 
ators present concur ; and lie shall nominate, and by and with 
the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, 
other public ministers, and consuls, judges of the supreme court, 
and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments 
are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be astab- 
lished by law. But the Congress may, by law, vest the appoint- 
ment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the Presi- 
dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that 
may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting com- 
missions which shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Sec. III. — 1. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress 



12 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

information of the state of the union, and recommend to their 
consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and ex- 
pedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, 
or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with 
respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such 
time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors, and 
other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faith- 
fully executed ; and shall commission all the officers of the Uni- 
ted States. 

Sec. IV. — 1. The President, Vice-President, and all civil of- 
ficers of the United States, shall be removed from office on im- 
peachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high 
crimes and misdemeanors. 



ARTICLE III. 

Sec. I. — 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be 
vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the 
Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The 
judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their 
offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive 
for their services, a compensation which shall not be diminished 
during their continuance in office. 

Sec. II. — 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in 
law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the 
United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under 
their authority ; to all cases affiicting ambassadors, other public 
ministers and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime ju- 
risdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a 
party ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a 
state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of different 
states ;, between citizens of the same state claiming lands under 
grants of different states, and between a state, of the citizens 
thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 

2. In ali cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers 
and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the su- 
preme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases 
before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate juris- 
diction, both aa to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under 
such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, 
shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where 
the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not com- 



UNITED STATES. 13 

mitted within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places 
as the Congress may by law have directed. 

Sec. III. 1. Treason against the United States, shall consist 
only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, 
giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of 
treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same 
overt act, or confessions in open court. 

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment 
of treason, but no attainder of treason, shall work corruption of 
blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Sec. I. — 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state, 
to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every oth- 
er state. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the 
manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings, shall be 
proved, and the eftect thereof. 

Sec. II. — 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all 
privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 

2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other 
crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, 
shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from 
which he fled, be dehvered up to be removed to the state having 
jurisdiction of the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the 
laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any 
law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or la- 
bor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such 
service or labor may be due. 

Sec. III. — 1. New states may be admitted by the Congress in- 
to this union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected with- 
in the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state be formed 
by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without 
the consent of the legislature of the states concerned, as well as 
of the Congress. 

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make ail 
needful rules and regulations, respecting the territory or other 
property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this 
constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of 
the United States or of any particular state. 

Sec IV. — 1. The United states shall guarantee to every state 
in this union, a repubhcan form of government, and shall protect 
each of them against invasion ; and, on application of the legisla- 



14 CONSTITUTION OF THE 

ture, or of the executive, (when the legislature cannot be con- 
vened,) against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

1. The Congress, w^henever two-thirds of both Houses shall 
deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, 
or on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the 
several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, 
which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as 
part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three- 
fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths 
thereof, as the one, or the other mode of ratification may be pro- 
posed by the Congress; provided, that no amendment which 
may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and 
eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the 
ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, without its 
consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

L All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before 
the adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the 
United States under this constitution, as under the confederation. 

2. This constitution, and the laws of the United States which 
shall be made in pursuance thereof: and all treaties made, or 
which shall be made under the authority of the United States, 
shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every 
state shall be bound thereby ; any thing in the constitution or laws 
of any state, to the contrary notwithstanding. 

3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the 
members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and 
judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several 
states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support thi.^ con- 
stitution, but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualifi- 
cation to any office or public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

1. The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be 
sufficient for the establishment of this constitution between the 
states so ratifying the same. 



UNITED STATES. 



15 



Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the states 
present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our 
Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of 
the Independence of the United States of America, the 
twelfth. In vv^itness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed 
our names. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
President and deputy from Virginia. 



New- Hampshire. 

John Langon, 
Nicholas Gilman. 

Massachusetts. 
Nathaniel Gorman, 
Rufus King. 

Connecticut. 
Wm. SamuelJohnson 
Roger Sherman. 

New- York. 
Alexander Hamilton, 

New-Jersey. 
WiUiam Livingston, 
David Brearley, 
WiUiam Patterson, 
Jonathan Dayton. 



Pennsylvania. 

Benjamin Frankhn, 
Thomas Mifflin, 
Robert Morris, 
George Clymer, 
Thomas Fitzsimons, 
Jared Ingersoll, 
James Wilson, 
Governeur Morris. 

Delaware. 
George Reed, 



Virginia. 

John Blair, 
James Madison, Jr. 

North Carolina. 
William Blount, 
Richd. Dobbs Spaight, 
Hugh Williamson. 

South Carolina. 
John Rutledge, 
Charles C. Pinckney, 



Gunning Bedford, Jr.Charles Pinckney, 



John Dickerson, 
Richard Bassett, 
Jacob Broom. 

Maryland. 
James M'Henry, 
Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer, 
Daniel Carrol. 



Pierce Butler. 



Georgia. 
William Few, 
Abraham Baldwin. 



Attest, 



WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 



Art. I. — Congress shall make no law respecting an establish- 
ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or 
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right 
of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the govern- 
ment for a redress of grievances. 

Art. II. — A well regulated militia being necessary to the se- 
curity of a free state, the right of the people to keep and beai' 
arms shall not be infringed. 

Art. III. — No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in 
any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, 
but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

Art. IV. — The right of the people to be secure in their per- 
sons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches 
and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue, 
but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and 
particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons 
or things to be seized. 

Art. V. — No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or 
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment 
of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval 
forces, or in the mihtia, when in actual service, in time of war 
or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same 
offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or hmb ; nor shall be 
compelled, in any criminal case, to be witness against himself, nor 
be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of 
law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without 
just compensation. 

Art. VI. — In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy 
the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the 
state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, 
which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and 
to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be 
confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory 
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the as- 
sistance of counsel for his defence. 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 17 

Art. VII. — In suits of common law, where the value in con- 
troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury 
shall be preserved ; and no fact, tried by a jury, shall be other- 
wise re-examined in any court of the United States, than accord 
ing to the rules of the common law. 

Art. VIII. — Excessive bail shall not be required, nor exces- 
sive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

Art. IX. — The enumeration in the constitution, of certain 
rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retain- 
ed by the people. 

Art. X. — The powers not delegated to the United States by 
the constitution, nor prohibited to it by the states, are reserved 
to the states respectively, or to the people. 

Art. XI. — The judicial power of the United States shall not 
be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced 
or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of an- 
other state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 

Art. XII, — 1. The electors shall meet in their respective 
states, and vote by ballot, for President and Vice President, one 
of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state 
with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person vo- 
ted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for 
as Vice President ; and they shall make distinct lists of all per- 
sons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice 
President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they 
shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of govern- 
ment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate ; 
the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate 
and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the 
votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest num- 
ber of votes for President, shall be President, if such number be 
a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if 
no person have such majority, then from the persons having the 
highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for 
as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme- 
diately, by ballot, the President. — But in choosing the President, 
the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each 
state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of 
a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a ma- 
jority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the 
House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever 
the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day 
of March next following, then the Vice President, shall act as 



18 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disa- 
bility of the President. 

2. The person having the greatest number of votes for Vice- 
President, shall be the Vice President, if such number be a ma- 
jority of the v^^hole number of electors appointed ; and if no 
person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on 
the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President ; a quorum 
for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number 
of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be neces- 
sary to a choice. 

3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of 
President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United 
States. 

Art. XIII. — If any citizen of the United States shall accept, 
claim, receive, or retain any title of nobility or honor, or shall 
without the consent of Congress, accept or retain any present, 
pension, office, or emolument of any kind whatever, from any 
emperor, king, prince, or foreign power, such person shall cease 
to be a citizen of the United States, and shall be incapable of 
holding any office of trust or profit under them, or either of them. 



WASHINGTON'S 

INAUGURAL AND FAREWELL ADDRESSES.^ 



INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 

April 30, 1789. 
Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Rejn-esentatives : 

Among the vicissitudes incident to life, no event could have 
filled me with greater anxieties than that of which the notifica- 
tion was transmitted by your order, and received on the 14th 
day of the present month. On the one hand, I was summoned 
by my country, whose voice I can never hear but with venera- 
tion and love, from a retreat which I had chosen with the fond- 
est predilection, and, in my flattering hopes, with an immutable 
decision, as the assylum of my declining years, a retreat which 
was rendered every day more necessary as well as more dear to 
me by the addition of habit to inclination, and of frequent inter- 
ruptions in my health, to the gradual waste committed on it by 
time. On the other hand, the magnitude and difficulty of the 
trust to which the voice of my country called me, being suflicient 
to awaken in the wisest and most experienced of her citizens a 
distrustful scrutiny into his qualifications, could not but over- 
whelm with despondence, one, who, inheriting inferior endow- 
ments from nature, and unpractised in the duties of civil admin- 
istration, ought to be peculiarly conscious of his own deficiencies. 
In this conflict of emotions, all I dare aver, is, that it has been my 
faithful study to collect my duty from a just appreciation of every 
circumstance by which it might be effected. All I dare hope is 
that if in executing this task I have been too much swayed by a 
grateful remembrance of former instances, or by an affectionate 
sensibility to this transcendant proof of the confidence of my fel- 
low citizens, and have thence too httle consulted my incapacity 
as well as disinclination for the weighty and uiitried cares before 
me, my error will be palliated by the motives which misled me, 
and its consequences be judged by my country with some share 
of the partiality with which they originated. 

Such being the impressions under which I have, in obedience 
to the pubHc summons, repaired to the present station, it would 
be peculiarly improper to omit, in this first official act, my fervent 



20 Washington's inaugural address. 

supplications to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe 
— who presides in the councils of nations — and whose providen- 
tial aids can supply every human defect, that his benediction may 
consecrate to the liberties and happiness of the people of the 
United States a government instituted by themselves for these 
essential purposes, and may enable every instrument employed 
in its administration to execute with success the functions allot- 
ted to his charge. In tendering this homage to the great author 
of every public and private good, I assure myself that it ex- 
presses your sentiments not less than my own, nor those of my 
fellow citizens, at large less than either. No people can be bound 
to acknowledge and adore the invisible hand which conducts the 
affairs of men, more than the people of the United States. Every 
step by which they have advanced to the character of an inde- 
pendent nation seems to have been distinguished by some token of 
providential agency ; and in the important revolution just accom- 
plished in the system of their united government, the tranquil 
deliberations and voluntary consent of so many distinct commu- 
nities, from which the event has resulted, cannot be compared 
with the means by which most governments have been establish- 
ed, without some return of pious gratitude, along with an hum- 
ble anticipation of the future blessings which the past seem to 
presage. These reflections, arising out of the present crisis, have 
forced themselves too strongly on my mind to be suppressed. 
You will join with me, I trust, in thinking that there are none un- 
der the influence of which the proceedings of a new and free 
government can more auspiciously commence. 

By the article establishing the executive department, it is made 
the duty of the President " to recommend to your consideration 
such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient." The 
circumstances under which I now meet you will acquit me from 
entering into that subject farther than to refer to the great con- 
stitutional charter under which you are assembled, and which, in 
defining your powers, designates the objects to which your atten- 
tion is to be given. It will be more consistent with those circum- 
stances, and far more congenial with the feelings which actuate 
me, to substitute, in place of a recommendation of particular 
measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, the rectitude, and 
the patriotism which adorn the characters selected to devise and 
adopt them. In these honorable qualifications I behold the surest 
pledges, that, as on one side, no local prejudices or attachments, no 
separate views, nor party animosities will misdirect the compre- 
hensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great as- 
semblage of communities and interests : so, on another, that the 



Washington's inaugural address. 21 

foundations of our national policy will be laid in the pure and 
immutable principles of private morality ; and the pre-eminence 
of free government be exemplified by all the attributes which 
can win the affections of its citizens and command the respect 
of the world. I dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction 
which an ardent love for my country can inspire, since there is 
no truth more thoroughly established than that there exists in the 
economy and course of nature an indissoluble union between vir- 
tue and happiness, between duty and advantage ; between the 
genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy and the 
solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity ; since we ought 
to be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of Heaven can 
never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules 
of order and right which Heaven itself has ordained, and since 
the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty, and the destiny of 
the republican model of government are justly considered as 
deeply, perhaps as finally staked on the experiment entrusted to 
the hands of the American people. 

Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your care, it will re- 
main with your judgment to decide how far an exercise of the 
occasional power delegated by the fifth article of the constitu- 
tion is rendered expedient at the present juncture by the nature 
of the objections which have been urged against the system, or 
by the degree of inquietude which has given birth to them. In- 
stead of undertaking particular recommendations on this subject, 
in which I could be guided by no lights derived from oflScial op- 
portunities, I shall again give way to my entire confidence in your 
discernment and pursuit of the public good ; for, I assure myself 
that while you carefully avoid every alteration which might en- 
danger the benefits of an united and effective government, or 
which ought to await the future lessons of experience, a reverence 
for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a regard for the 
public harmony will sufficiently influence your deliberations on 
the question how far the former can be more impregnably forti- 
fied, or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted. 

To the preceding observations I have one to add, which will 
be most properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It 
concerns myself, and will therefore be as brief as possible. 
When I was first honored with a call into the service of my coun- 
try, then on the eve of an arduous struggle for its liberties, the 
light in which I contemplated my duty required that I should re- 
nounce every pecuniary compensation. From this resolution I 
have in no instance departed ; and being still under the impres- 
sions which produced it, I must decline as inapplicable to myself 



22 Washington's farewell address. 

any share in the personal emoluments which may be indispensa- 
bly included in a permanent provision for the executive depart- 
ment, and must accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates 
for the station in which I am placed, may, during my continuance 
in it, be limited to such actual expenditures as the public good 
may be thought to require. 

Having thus imparted to you my sentiments as they have been 
awakened by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take 
my present leave, but not without resorting once more to the be- 
nign Parent of the human race, in humble supphcation that, since 
he has been pleased to favor the American people with opportu- 
nities for deliberating in perfect tranquihty and dispositions for 
deciding with unparalleled unanimity on a form of government for 
the security of their union and the advancement of their happi- 
ness, so his divine blessing may be equally conspicuous in the en- 
larged views, the temperate consultations, and the wise measures 
on which the success of this government must depend. 



FAREWELL ADDRESS. 

September 17, 1796. 

i^riends and Fellow Citizens : 

The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the 
executive government of the United States being not far distant, 
and the time actually arrived when your thoughts must be em- 
ployed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that 
important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may 
conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I 
should now apprize you of the resolution I have formed, to decline 
being considered among the number of those out of whom the 
choice is to be made. 

I beg you at the same time to do me the justice to be assured, 
that this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to 
all the considerations appertaining to the relation which binds a 
dutiful citizen to his country ; and that in withdrawing the tender 
of service, which silence in my situation might imply, 1 am in- 
fluenced by no diminution of zeal for your future interest ; no 
deficiency of grateful respect for your past kindness ; but am 
supported by a full conviction that the step is compatible with 
both. 

The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in the office to 
which your suffrages have twice called me, have been an uniform 
sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a deference 



WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 23 

for what appeared to be your desire. I constantly hoped that it 
would have been much earlier in my power, consistently with 
motives which I was not at liberty to disregard, to return to that 
retirement from which I had been reluctantly drawn. The 
strength of my inclination to do this, previous to the last election, 
had even led to the preparation of an address to declare it to 
you; but mature reflection on the then perplexed and critical 
posture of affairs with foreign nations, and the unanimous advice 
of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled me to abandon the 
idea. I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well 
as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incom- 
patible with the sentiment of duty or propriety ; and am per- 
suaded, whatever partiality may be retained for my services, that 
in the present circumstances of our country you will not disap- 
prove of my determination to retire. 

The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous trust, 
were explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of this 
trust, I will only say that I have, with good intentions, contribu- 
ted towards the organization and administration of the govern- 
ment the best exertions of which a very fallible judgment was 
capable. Not unconscious, in the outset, of the inferiority of my 
qualifications, experience in my own eyes, perhaps still more in 
the eyes of others, has strengthened the motives to diffidence of 
myself; and, every day the increasing weight of years admon- 
ishes me more and more, that the shade of retirement is as ne- 
cessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that if any cir- 
cumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they were 
temporary, I have the consolation to believe, that while choice and 
prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does 
not forbid it. 

In looking forward to the moment which is to determinate the 
career of my political life, my feelings do not permit me to sus- 
pend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which 
I owe to my beloved countzy for the many honors it has confer- 
red upon me ; still more for the steadfast confidence with which 
it has supported me ; and for the opportunities I have thence en- 
joyed of manifesting my inviolable attachment, by services faith- 
ful and persevering, though in usefulness unequal to my zeal. If 
benefits have resulted to our country from these services, let it 
always be remembered to your praise, and as instructive exam- 
ple in our annals, that under circumstances in which the passions, 
agitated in every direction, were liable to mislead — amidst ap- 
pearances sometimes dubious — vicissitudes of fortunes often dis- 
couraging — in situations in which not unfrequently want of sue- 



26 Washington's farewell address. 

weight, influence, and the future maritime strength of the Atlan- 
tic side of the Union, directed by an indissoluble community of 
interest as one nation. Any other tenure by which the loest can 
hold this essential advantage, whether derived from its own sepa- 
rate strength, or from an apostate and unnatural connexion with 
any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious. 

While therefore every part of our country thus feels an imme- 
diate and particular interest in union, all the parts combined can- 
not fail to find in the united mass of means and efforts, greater 
strength, greater resource, proportionably greater security from 
external danger, a less frequent interruption of their peace by 
foreign nations ; and what is of inestimable value, they must de- 
rive from union an exemption from those broils and wars be- 
tween themselves, which so frequently afflict neighboring coun- 
tries, not tied together by the same government, which their own 
rivalships alone would be sufficient to produce ; but which oppo- 
site foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues, would stimulate 
and embitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid the necessity of 
those overgrown military establishments, which under any form 
of government are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be 
regarded as particularly hostile to republican liberty. In this sense 
it is, that your union ought to be considered as a main prop of 
your liberty, and that the love of the one ought to endear to you 
the preservation of the other. 

These considerations speak a persuasive language to every re- 
flecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of the 
union as a primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt 
whether a common government can embrace so large a sphere ? 
Let experience solve it. To listen to mere speculation in such a 
case were criminal. We are authorized to hope that a proper 
organization of the whole, with the auxiliary agency of govern- 
ments for the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy issue of 
the experiment. It is well worth a fair and full experiment. With 
such powerful and obvious motives to union, affecting all parts 
of our country, while experience shall not have demonstrated its 
impractability, there will always be reason to distrust the patri- 
otism of those who in any quarter may endeavor to weaken its 
bands. 

In contemplating the causes which may disturb our union, it 
occurs as matter of serious concern that any ground should have 
been furnished for characterizing parties, by geographical dis- 
criminations — Northern and Southern; Atlantic and Western; 
whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there 
is a real difference of local interests and views. One of the ex- 



Washington's farewell address. 27 

pedients of party to acquire influence within particular districts, 
is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts. You 
cannot shield yourselves too much against the jealousies and 
heart-burnings which spring from these misrepresentations ; they 
tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound 
together by fraternal affection. The inhabitants of our western 
country have lately had a useful lesson on this head. They have 
seen in the negotiation by the executive, and in the unanimous rat- 
ification by the senate of the treaty with Spain, and in the uni- 
versal satisfaction at that event throughout the United States, a 
decisive proof how unfounded were the suspicions propagated 
among them of a policy in the general government, and in the 
Atlantic states, unfriendly to their interests in regard to the Mis- 
sissippi. They have been witnesses to the formation of two trea- 
ties, that with Great Britain, and that with Spain, which secure 
to them every thing they could desire, in respect to our foreign 
relations, towards confirming their prosperity. Will it not be their 
wisdom to rely for the preservation of these advantages on the 
union by which they were procured ? Will they not henceforth 
be deaf to those advisers, if such there are, who would sever 
them from their brethren and connect them with aliens 1 

To the efficacy and permanency of your union, a government 
for the whole is indispensable. No alliances, however strict, be- 
tween the parts can be an adequate substitute ; they must inev- 
itably experience the infractions and interruptions which alliances 
at all times have experienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, 
you have improved upon your first essay, by the adoption of a 
constitution of government, better calculated than your former 
for an intimate union, and for the efficacious management of 
your common concern. This government, the offspring of your 
own choice, uninffuenced and unawed ; adopted upon full inves- 
tigation and mature deliberation ; completely free in its princi- 
ples ; in the distribution of its powers uniting security with en- 
ergy, and containing within itself provision for its own amend- 
ment, has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Re- 
spect for its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in 
its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of 
true liberty. The basis of our political system is the right of the 
people to make and to alter their constitutions of government. 
But the constitution which at any time exists, until changed by 
an explicit and authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly ob- 
ligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and the right of the 
the people to establish government, presupposes the duty of every 
individual to obey the established government. 



28 Washington's farewell address. 

All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations 
and associations, under whatever plausible character, with the 
real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular de- 
hberations and action of the constituted authorities, are destruc- 
tive of this fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. They 
serve to organize faction ; to give it an artificial and extraordi- 
nary force ; to put in the place of the delegated will of the na- 
tion, the will of party, often a small, but artful and enterprizing 
minority of the community ; and according to the alternate tri- 
umphs of different parties, to make the public administration the 
mirror of the ill concerted and incongruous projects of faction, 
rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome plans, di- 
gested by common councils, and modified by mutual interests. 

However combinations or associations of the above descrip- 
tion may now and then answer popular ends, they are hkely, in 
the course of time and things, to become potent engines by which 
cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to sub- 
vert the power of the people, and to usurp for themselves the 
reigns of government; destroying afterwards the very engines 
which have lifted them to unjust dominion. 

Towards the preservation of your government, and the per- 
manency of your present happy state, it is requisite not only that 
you steadily discountenance irregular opposition to its acknow- 
ledged authority, but also that you resist with care the spirit of 
innovation upon its principles, however specious the pretext. 
One method of assault may be to affect in the forms of the con- 
stitution alterations which will impair the energy of the system, 
and thus to undermine what cannot be directly overthrown. In 
all the changes to which you may be invited, remember that time 
and habit are at least as necessary to fix the true character of 
governments, as of other human institutions ; that experience is 
the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the ex- 
isting constitutions of a country ; that facility in changes upon 
the credit, of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual 
change, from the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion ; and 
remember especially, that from the efficient management of 
your common interests, in a country so extensive as ours, a gov- 
ernment of as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect secu- 
rity of liberty, is indispensable. Liberty itself will find in such a 
government, with powers properly distributed and adjusted, its 
surest guardian. It is, indeed, little else than a name, where the 
government is too feeble to withstand the enterprizes of faction, 
to confine each member of society within the limits prescribed 



WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 29 

by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure and tranquil enjoy- 
ment of the rights of person and property. 

I have already intimated to you the dangers of parties in the 
state, with particular reference to the founding of them upon 
geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more compre- 
hensive view, and warn you, in the most solemn manner, against 
the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally. 

This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, hav- 
ing its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It ex- 
sts under different shapes in all governments, more or less 
stifled, controlled, or repressed ; but in those of the popular form 
it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. 
The alternate domination of one faction over another, 
sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dissention, 
which in different ages and countries has perpetrated the most 
horrid enormities, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads 
at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The dis- 
orders and miseries which result, gradually incline the minds of 
men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an in- 
dividual ; and, sooner or later, the chief of some prevailing fac- 
tion, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns this 
disposition to the purposes of his own elevation on the ruins of 
the public liberty. 

Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind, (which 
nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight,) the common 
and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to 
make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and 
restrain it. 

It serves always to distract the public councils, and enfeeble the 
public administration. It agitates the community with ill-found- 
ed jealousies and false alarms ; kindles the animosity of one part 
against another ; foments occasional riot and insurrection. It 
opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which finds a 
facilitated access to the government itself, through the channels 
of party passion. Thus the policy and will of one country arc 
subjected to the policy and wnll of another. 

There is an opinion that parties in free countries are useful 
checks upon the administration of the government, and serve to 
keep alive the spirit of liberty. This, within certain limits, is 
probably true ; and in governments of a monarchical cast, patriot- 
ism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit 
of party. But in those of popular character, in governments 
purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From the na- 
tural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough of that 



30 WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 

spirit for every salutary purpose ; and there being constant dan- 
ger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion to 
mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to quenched, it demands a 
uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead 
of warming, it should consume. 

It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a free 
country, should inspire caution in those intrusted with its admin- 
istration, to confine themselves within their respective constitu- 
tional spheres ; avoiding, in the exercise of the powers of one de- 
partment, to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroach- 
ment tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments in 
one, and thus to create, whatever the form of government, a real 
despotism. A just estimate of that love of power, and prone- 
ness to abuse it, which predominate in the human heart, is suf- 
ficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The necessity 
of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, by di- 
viding and distributing into different depositories, and constituting 
each the guardian of the public weal against invasions of the 
other, has been evinced by experiments, ancient and modern ; 
some of them in our country, and under our own eyes. To 
preserve them must be as necessary as to institute them. If, in 
the opinion of the people, the distribution or modification of the 
constitutional powers be, in any particular wrong, let it be cor- 
rected by an amendment in the way in which the constitution 
designates. But let there be no change by usurpation, for though 
this, in one instance, may be the instrument of good, it is the 
customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed. 
The precedent must always greatly overbalance, in permanent 
evil, any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any 
time yield. 

Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political pros- 
perity, religion and morality are indispensible supports. In vain 
would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor 
to subvert these great pillars of human happiness — these firmest 
props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere poHtician, 
equally with the pious man, ought to respect and cherish them. 
A volume could not trace all their connexion with private and 
public felicity. Let it simply be asked, where is the security for 
property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obliga- 
tion desert the oaths, which are the instruments of investigation 
in courts of justice 1 And let us with caution indulge the suppo- 
sition that morality can be maintained without religion. What- 
ever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on 
minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid 



Washington's farewell address. 31 

us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of re- 
ligious principles. 

It is substantially true that virtue or morality is a necessary 
spring of popular government. The rule indeed extends with 
more or less force to every species of free government. Who 
that is a sincere friend to it can look with indifference upon at- 
tempts to shake the foundation of the fabric 1 

Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institu- 
tions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as 
the structure of a government gives force to public opinion, it is 
essential that public opinion should be enlightened. 

As a very important source of strength and security, cherish 
public credit. One method of preserving it, is to use it as spa- 
ringly as possible, avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating 
peace, but remembering, also, that timely disbursements to pre- 
pare for danger, frequently prevent much greater disbursements 
to repel it ; avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt, not only 
by shunning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exertions in 
time of peace to discharge the debts which unavoidable wars 
have occasioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the 
burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The execution of 
these maxims belongs to your representatives ; but it is necessary 
that public opinion should co-operate. To facihtate to them the per- 
formance of their duty, it is essential that you should particularly 
bear in mind, that towards the payment of debts there must be 
revenue ; that to have revenue there must be taxes ; that no taxes 
can be devised which are not more or less inconvenient and un- 
pleasant ; that the intrinsic embarrassment, inseparable from the 
selection of the proper objects, (which is always a choice of dif- 
ficulties,) ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction 
of the conduct of the government in making it, and for a spirit 
of acquiescence in the measures for obtaining revenue which the 
public exigencies may at any time dictate. 

Observe good faith and justice towards all nations ; cultivate 
peace and harmony with all : religion and morality enjoin this 
conduct ; and can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin 
it ? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and at no distant 
period, a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and 
too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted jus- 
tice and benevolence. Who can doubt but that in the course of 
time and things the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any 
temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence 
to it ? Can it be that Providence has connected the permanent 
felicity of a nation with its virtue ? The experiment, at least, is 



32 Washington's farewell address. 

recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. 
Alas ! it is rendered impossible by its vices ! 

In the execution of such a plan nothing is more essential than 
that permanent, inveterate antipathies against particular nations, 
and passionate attachment for others, should be excluded ; and 
that in the place of them, just and amicable feelings towards all 
should be cultivated. The nation which indulges towards an- 
other an habitual hatred, or an habitual fondness, is, in some de- 
gree, a slave. It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection, 
either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its 
interest. Antipathy in one nation against another, disposes each 
more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of slight causes 
of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable when accidental 
or trifling occasions of dispute occur. 

Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody 
contests. The nation, prompted by ill will and resentment, some- 
times impels to war the government, contrary to the best calcu- 
lations of policy. The government sometimes participates in the 
national propensity, and adopts through passion what reason 
would reject ; at other times it makes the animosity of the na- 
tion subservient to the projects of hostility, instigated by pride, 
ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace 
often, sometimes, perhaps, the liberty of nations has been ihe 
victim. 

So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for anoth- 
er produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite na- 
tion, facihtating the illusion of an imaginary common interest in 
cases where no real common interest exists, and infusing into one 
the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation 
in the quarrels and the wars of the latter without adequate in- 
ducements or justification. It leads, also, to concessions to the 
favorite nation of privileges denied to others, which are apt doub- 
ly to injure the nation making the concessions, by unnecessarily 
parting with what ought to have been retained, and by exciting 
jealousy, ill will, and a disposition to retaliate in the parties from 
whom equal privileges are withheld ; and it gives to ambitious, 
corrupt, or deluded citizens, (who devote themselves to the fa- 
vorite nation,) facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their 
own country without odium, sometimes even with popularity; 
gilding with the appearances of a virtuous sense of obligation to 
a commendable deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal 
for public good, the base or foolish comphances of ambition, cor- 
ruption, or infatuation. 

As avenues to foreign influence, in innumerable ways, such at- 



Washington's farewell address. 33 

tachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and 
independent patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to 
tamper with domestic factions, to practice the art of seduction, 
to mislead public opinion, to influence or awe the public councils ! 
Such an attachment of a small or weak, towards a great 
and powerful nation, dooms the former to be the satelhte of the 
latter. Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence, (I con- 
jure you to believe me, fellow citizens,) the jealousy of a free peo- 
ple ought to be constantly awake, since history and experience 
prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of re- 
publican government. But that jealousy, to be useful, must be 
impartial, else it becomes the instrument of the very influence 
to be avoided, instead of a defence against it. Excessive partial- 
ity for one foreign nation, and excessive dislike for another, cause 
those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and 
serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. 
Real patriots who may resist the intrigues of the favorite, are ha- 
ble to become suspected and odious; while its tools and dupes 
usurp the applause and confidence of the people to surrender 
their interests. 

The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, 
is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as 
little political connexion as possible. So far as we have already 
formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. 
Here let us stop. 

Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, 
or a very remote relation. Hence, she must be engaged in fre- 
quent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign 
to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to 
implicate ourselves by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitude of 
her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her 
friendships or enmities. 

Our detached and distant situation, invites and enables us to 
pursue a different course. If we remain one people, under an 
efficient government, the period is not far off when we may defy 
material injury from external annoyance ; when we may take 
such an attitude as will cause the neutraUty we may at any time 
resolve upon, to be scrupulously respected ; when belligerent 
nations, under the impossibiUty of making acquisitions upon us, 
will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation ; when we may 
choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall 
counsel. 

Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation ? Why 
quit our own to stand upon foreign ground ? Why, by inter- 

5 



34 WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS, 

weaving our destiny with tliat of any part of Europe, entangle 
our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, ri- 
valship, interest, humor or caprice ? 

It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with 
any portion of the foreign world ; so far I mean, as we are now 
at liberty to do it ; for let me not be understood as capable of 
patronizing infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the max- 
im no less applicable to public than to private affairs, that hon- 
esty is always the best policy. I repeat, therefore, let those en- 
gagements be observed in their genuine sense. But in my opinion, 
it is unnecessary, and would be unwise to extend them. 

Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable estabhsh- 
ments, on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to 
temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies. 

Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are recom- 
mended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our com- 
mercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand ; neither 
seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences ; consulting 
the natural course of things ; diffusing and diversifying by gentle 
means the stream of commerce, but forcing nothing ; establish- 
ing with powers so disposed, in order to give trade a stable 
course, to define the rights of our merchants, and to enable the 
government to support them, conventional rules of intercourse, 
the best that present circumstances and natural opinion will per- 
mit, but temporary, and liable to be from time to time, abandon- 
ed or varied, as experience and circumstances shall dictate ; 
constantly keeping in view that it is folly in one nation to look for 
disinterested favors from another ; that it must pay with a por- 
tion of its independence for whatever it may accept under that 
character ; that by such acceptance, it may place itself in the 
condition of having given equivalents for nominal favors, and yet 
of being reproached with ingratitude for not giving more. 
There can be no greater error than to expect or calculate upon 
real favors from nation to nation. It is an illusion which experi- 
ence must cure, which a just pride ought to discard. 

In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old 
afliectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and 
lasting impression I could wish — that they will control the usual 
current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the 
course which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations. But 
if I may even ffatter myself that they may be productive of 
some partial benefit, some occasional good ; that they may now 
and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit ; to warn 
against the mischiefs of foreign intrigue ; to guard against the 



Washington's farewell address. 35 

impostures of pretended patriotism ; this hope will be a full re- 
compense for the solicitude for your welfare by which they have 
been dictated. 

How far in the discharge of my official duties I have been 
guided by the principles which have been delineated, the public 
records and other evidences of my conduct must witness to you 
and to the world. To myself, the assurance of my own con- 
science is, that I have at least believed myself to be guided by 
them. 

In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my Proclama- 
tion of the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanc- 
tioned by your approving voice, and by that of your representa- 
tives in both houses of Congress, the spirit of that measure has 
continually governed me ; uninfluenced by any attempts to deter 
or divert me from it. 

After deliberate examination, with the aids of the best lights I 
could obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the 
circumstances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in 
duty and interest to take, a neutral position. Having taken it, I 
determined, as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it with 
moderation, perseverance and firmness. 

The considerations which respect the right to hold this con- 
duct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only ob- 
serve, that according to my understanding of the matter, that 
right, so far from being denied by any of the belligerent powers, 
has been virtually admitted by all. 

The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without 
any thing more, from the obligation which justice and humanity 
impose on every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to 
maintain inviolate the relations of peace and amity towards other 
nations. 

The inducements of interest for observing that conduct, will 
best be referred to your own reflections and experience. With 
me, a predominant motive has been to endeavour to gain time to 
our country to settle and mature its yet recent institutions, and 
to progress, without interruption, to that degree of strength and 
constancy, which is necessary to give it, humanely speaking, the 
command of its own fortune. 

Though in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am 
unconscious of intentional error ; I am nevertheless too sensible 
of my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed 
many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the 
Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. 
1 shall also carry with me the hope that my country will never 



36 JEFFERSON S INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 

cease to view them with indulgence ; and that, after forty-five 
years of my life dedicated to its service, with an upright zeal, 
the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion, 
as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest. 

Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and actuated 
by that fervent love towards it, which is so natural to a man who 
views in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors for seve- 
ral generations ; I anticipate, with pleasing expectation, that re- 
treat, in which I promise myself to realize, without alloy, the 
sweet enjoyment of partaking in the midst of my fellow citizens, 
the benign influence of good laws, under a free government ; the 
ever favorite object of my heart, and the happy reward, as I trust, 
of our mutual cares, labors and dangers. 



JEFFERSON'S 

INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 

March 4, 1801. 

Friends and Fellow Citizens : 

Called upon to undertake the duties of the first executive office 
of our country, I avail myself of the presence of that portion of 
my fellow citizens which is here assembled, to express my grate- 
ful thanks for the favor with which they have been pleased to 
look towards me, to declare a sincere consciousness that the task 
is above my talents, and that I approach it with those anxious 
and awful presentiments, which the greatness of the charge, and 
the weakness of my powers, so justly inspire. A rising nation, 
spread over a wide and fruitful land, traversing all the seas with 
the rich productions of their industry, engaged in commerce with 
nations who feel power and forget right, advancing rapidly to 
destinies beyond the reach of mortal eye ; when I contemplate 
these transcendant objects, and see the honor, the happiness, and 
the hopes of this beloved country committed to the issue and the 
auspices of this day, I shrink from the contemplation ; and hum- 
ble myself before the magnitude of the undertaking. Utterly 
indeed should I despair, did not the presence of many whom I 
here see remind me, that, in the other high authorities provided 
by our constitution, I shall find resources of wisdom, of virtue, 



JEFFERSON S INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 37 

and of zeal, on which to rely under all difficulties. To you, then, 
gentlemen, who are charged with the sovereign functions of legisla- 
tion, and to those associated with you, I look with encouragement 
for that guidance and support which may enable us to steer with 
safety the vessel in which we are all embarked, amid the con- 
flicting elements of a troubled world. 

During the contest of opinion through which we have passed, 
the animation of discussion and of exertions has sometimes worn 
an aspect which might impose on strangers unused to think free- 
ly, and to speak and to write what they think ; but this being now 
decided by the voice of the nation, announced according to the 
rules of the constitution, all will of course arrange themselves 
under the will of the law, and unite in common efforts for the 
common good. All too will bear in mind this sacred principle, 
that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that 
will, to be rightful, must be reasonable ; that the minority pos- 
sesses their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to vio- 
late, would be oppression. Let us then, fellow citizens, unite with 
one heart and one mind, let us restore to social intercourse that 
harmony and affection, without which liberty, and even life itself, 
are but dreary things. And let us reflect, that, having banished 
from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so 
long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little, if we counte- 
nance a political intolerance, as despotic, as wicked, and capable 
of as bitter and bloody persecutions. During the throes and con- 
vulsions of the ancient world, during the agonizing spasms of in- 
furiated man, seeking through blood and slaughter his long lost 
liberty, it was not wonderful that the agitation of the billows 
should reach even this distant and peaceful shore ; that this should 
be more felt and feared by some and less by others ; that this 
should divide opinions as to measures of safety ; but every dif- 
ference of opinion is not a diflference of principle. We have 
called by different names brethren of the same principle. We 
are all republicans ; we are all federalists. If there be any 
among us who would wish to dissolve this Union, or to change its 
republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the 
safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated, where rea- 
son is left free to combat it. I know indeed that some honest 
men fear that a republican government cannot be strong ; that 
this government is not strong enough. But would the honest 
patriot in the full tide of successful experiment, abandon a gov- 
ernment which has so far kept us free and firm, on the theoretic 
and visionary fear that this government, the world's best hope, 
may, by possibility, want energy to preserve itself? I trust not. 



38 JEFFERSON S INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 

I believe this, on the contrary, the strongest government on earth. 
I believe it the only one where every man, at the call of the laws, 
would fly to the standard of the law, and would meet invasions 
of the public order as his own personal concern. Sometimes it 
is said that man cannot be trusted with the government of him- 
self. Can he then be trusted with the government of others ? 
Or have we found angels in the forms of kings to govern him ? 
Let history answer this question. 

Let us then, with courage and confidence, pursue our own 
federal and republican principles ; our attachment to our union 
and representative government. Kindly separated by nature 
and a wide ocean from the exterminating havoc of one quarter 
of the globe ; too high minded to endure the degradations of the 
others ; possessing a chosen country, with room enough for our 
descendants to the thousandeth and thousandeth generation ; en- 
tertaining a due sense of our equal right to the use of our own 
faculties, to the acquisitions of our industry, to honor and confi- 
dence from our fellow citizens, resulting not from birth, but from 
our actions and their sense of them ; enlightened by a benign re- 
ligion, professed indeed and practiced in various forms, yet all of 
them inculcating honesty, truth, temperance, gratitude, and the 
love of man, acknowledging and adoring an overruling Provi- 
dence, which, by all its dispensations, proves that it delights in 
the happiness of man here, and his greater happiness hereafter ; 
with all these blessings, what more is necessary to make us a 
happy and prosperous people ? Still one thing more, fellow citi- 
zens — a wise and frugal government, which shall restrain men 
from injuring one another, shall leave them otherwise free to re- 
gulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall 
not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned. This 
is the sum of good government, and this is necessary to close the 
circle of our felicities. 

About to enter, fellow citizens, on the exercise of duties which 
comprehend every thing dear and valuable to you, it is proper 
that you should understand what I deem the essential principles 
of our government, and consequently those which ought to shape 
its administration. I will compress them within the narrowest 
compass they will bear, stating the general principle, but not all 
its limitations. Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever 
state or persuasion, religious or political : peace, commerce, and 
honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none : 
the support of the state governments in all their rights, as the 
most competent administrations for all our domestic concerns, 
and the surest bulwarks against anti-republican tendencies : the 



Jefferson's inaugural address. 39 

preservation of the general government in its M^hole constitu- 
tional vigor, as the sheet anchor of our peace at home and safe- 
ty abroad : a jealous care of the right of election by the people ; 
a mild and safe corrective of abuses, which are lopped by the 
sword of revolution, where peaceable reipedies are unprovided : 
absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority, the vital 
principle of republics, from which is no appeal but to force, the 
vital principal and immediate parent of despotism : a well discip- 
lined militia, our best reliance in peace, and for the first moments 
of war, till regulars may relieve them : the supremacy of the 
civil over the military authority : economy in the public expense, 
that labor may be lightly burthened : the honest payment of our 
debts, and sacred preservation of the public faith : encourage- 
ment of agriculture, and of commerce as its handmaid : the dif- 
fusion of information, and arrangement of all abuses at the bar 
of public reason ; freedom of religion ; freedom of the press ; 
and freedom of person, under the protection of the habeas 
corpus ; and trials by juries impartially selected. These princi- 
ples form the bright constellation which has gone before us, 
and guided our steps through an age of revolution and reforma- 
tion. The wisdom of our sages, and blood of our heroes, have 
been devoted to their attainment : they should be the creed of 
our political faith ; the text of civil instruction ; the touchstone 
by which to try the services of those we trust ; and should we 
wander from them in moments of error or alarm, let us hasten 
to retrace our steps, and to regain the road which alone leads to 
peace, liberty, and safety. 

I repair then, fellow citizens, to the post you have assigned 
me. With experience enough in subordinate offices to have seen 
the difficulties of this, the greatest of all, I have learnt to expect 
that it will rarely fall to the lot of imperfect man to retire from 
this station with the reputation and the favor which bring him 
into it. Without pretensions to that high confidence you repose 
in our first and great revolutionary character, whose pre-eminent 
services had entitled him to the first place in his country's love, 
and destined for him the fairest page in the volume of faithful 
history, I ask so much confidence only as may give firmness and 
effect to the legal administreUion of your affairs. I shall often go 
wrong through defect of judgment. When right, I shall often be 
thought wrong by those whose positions will not command a view 
of the whole ground. I ask your indulgence for my own errors, 
which will never be intentional ; and your support against the 
errors of others, who may condemn what they would not, if seen 
in all its parts. The approbation implied by your suffrage is a 



40 BIOGRAPHY OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

consolation to me for the past ; and my future solicitude will be, 
to retain the good opinion of those who have bestowed it in ad- 
vance, to conciliate that of others by doing them all the good in 
my power, and to be instrumental to the happiness and freedom 
of all. 

Relying then on the patronage of your good will, I advance 
with obedience to the work, ready to retire from it whenever 
you become sensible how much better choices it is in your power 
to make. And may that infinite Power which rules the destinies 
of the universe lead our councils to what is best, and give them a 
favorable issue for your peace and prosperity. 



BIOGRAPHY OF THE PRESIDENTS. 

George Washington, " The Father of his Country," and first 
President of the United States, was born at Bridges Creek, in 
the county of Westmoreland, Virginia, on the 22d of February, 
1732. He was elected President in 1789, which office he, held 
eight years. He died at Mount Vernon on the 14th of Decem- 
ber, 1799, at the age of 68 years. 

John Adams, the second President of the United States, was 
born at Quincy, Massachusetts, October 19, 1735. He was cho- 
sen President in 1797 — continued in office four years. Died 4th 
of July, 1826, aged 91 years. 

Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, 
and author of the Declaration of Independence, was born at 
Shad well, Albemarle county, Virginia, April 2, 1743. He was 
elected President, 1801 — continued in office eight years. Died 
on the 4th of July, 1826, aged 83 years. 

James Madison, the fourth President of the United States, was 
born March 5, 1751, in Orange county, Virginia. He was elect- 
ed President in 1809 — continued in office eight years. Died on 
the 28th of June, 1837, at the age of 86 years. 

James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, was 
born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, on the 28th of April, 
1758. He was chosen President in 1817 — continued in office 
eight years. Died July 4th, 1831, at the age of 73 years. 

John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States, 
was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1767. He was elected 
President in 1825 — continued in office four years. 

Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States, was 
born on the 15th of March, 1767, at Waxsaw, South Carohna, 
inaugurated President in 1829 — continued in office eight years. 

Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United States, 
was born on the 5th of December, 1782, at Kinderhook, Colum- 
bia county. New- York. He was elected President in 1837. 



AMERICAN COAT OF ARMS. 



The device for an armoiial Achievement and Reverse of a 
great seal for the United States in Congress assembled is as fol- 
lovs^s: 

" Arms. — Paleways of thirteen pieces, argent and gules, a chief 
azure ; the escutcheon on the breast of the American bald eagle 
displayed proper, holding in his dexter talon an olive branch, and 
in his sinister a bundle of thirteen arrows, all proper ; and in 
his beak a scroll inscribed with this motto, ' E pluribus unum.' 

" For the crest. — Over the head of the eagle, which appears 
above the escutcheon, a glory, or, breaking through a cloud pro- 
per, and surrounding thirteen stars forming a constellation, ar- 
gent, or an azure field. 

" Reverse. — A pyramid unfinished. 

" In the zenith an eye in the triangle surrounded with a glory, 
proper. Over the eye these words, 'Annuit Coeptis.' 

"On the base of the pyramid, the numerical letters mdcclxxvi, 
and underneath the following motto, ' Novus ordo seclorum.' 

"Remarks AND explanations of the device. — The escutcheon 
is composed of the chief and pale, the two most honorable ordi- 
naries. The thirteen pieces paly represent the several states in 
the union, all joined in old solid compact, entire, supporting a chief 
which unites the whole, and represents Congress. The motto 
alludes to this union. 

" The pales in the arms are kept closely united by the chief, and 
the chief depends on that union, and the strength resulting from 
it for its support, to denote the confederacy of the United 
States, and the preservation of the Union through Congress. 

" The colors of the pales are those used in the flag of the Uni- 
ted States of America. White signifies purity and innocence, 
red hardiness and valor, and blue, the color of the chief, signifies 
vigilance, perseverance, and justice. The olive branch and ar- 
rows denote the power of peace and war, which is exclusively 
vested in Congress. 

" The crest or constellation denotes a new state taking its place 
or rank among other sovereign powers. 

" The escutcheon borne on the breast of an American eagle, 
without any other supporters, to denote that the United States 
of America ought to rely on their own virtue. 

" The pyramid on the reverse signifies strength and duration. 

" The eye over it, and the motto (' annuit coeptis,' ' he pros- 
pers our endeavors,') allude to the many signal interpositions of 
Providence in favor of the American cause. 

" The date underneath is that of the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence, and the words under it signify the beginning of the New 
American JEra, which commences from that date." 



General Statistics of the United States. 



Thk principal details pertaining to the several states, will be 
found in their appropriate places, in the latter part of this 
work. This article will therefore, be chiefly confined to such 
matter as relates to the general government, and to the United 
States in its confederate capacity. 

GOVERNMENT. 

The government of the United States is a Federal Represen- 
tative Democracy, in which all power belongs to the people. The 
legislative power is vested in a Congress, composed of a Senate 
and House of Representatives. The Senate consists of two 
members from each state, chosen by the legislatures respective- 
ly, for a period of six years. The terms of service are so ar- 
ranged, that one-third of the whole Senate is renewed every 
two years. Every senator must have attained the age of thirty 
years, and have been nine years a citizen of the United 
States, and, when elected, an inhabitant of the state from which 
he is chosen. The present number of senators is fifty-two. 
The Senate has the sole power to try impeachments. The Vice 
President of the United States is President of the Senate, and 
has a casting vote only. 

The House of Representatives is composed of members elect- 
ed in the several states by the people, for a term of two years. 
Each state is entitled, under a law passed in 1832, to send one 
Representative for every 47,700 inhabitants. The present num- 
ber of members is 242, besides delegates from Wisconsin, Iowa, 
and Florida. A Representative must have attained the age of 
twenty-five years, and have been seven years a citizen of the 
United States. The pay of each member of Congress during 
the Session is $8 per day, and $8 for every twenty miles travel 
to and from the seat of government. 

The President of the Senate pro tern, (who is chosen in the 
absence of the Vice President) and Speaker of the House of 
Representatives, receives $16 per day. 

The House of Representatives choose their own Speaker and 
other officers, and have the sole power of impeachment. All 
bills for raising revenue must originate in the House. 

No person can be a member of Congress and hold any office 
under the United States at the same time. 

Congress has power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and 
excises ; to pay the debts and provide for the common defence 
and general welfare of the United States : 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States : 
To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the 
several states, and with the Indian tribes : To establish an uni- 
form rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of 
bankruptcies throughout the United States : 



GENERAL STATISTICS. 43 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, 
and fix the standard of weights and measures : To establish 
post-offices and post-roads : To secure to authors and inventors 
copy-rights and patents : 

To punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, 
and against the law of nations : To declare war, grant letters 
of marque and reprisal ; raise and support armies ; provide and 
maintain a navy ; to regulate the land and naval forces : To ex- 
ercise exclusive legislation over the District of Columbia, and 
over all places purchased for the erection of forts, magazines, 
arsenals, dock-yards, &c. 

The Executive power is vested in a President of the United 
States of America. 

The President is Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy 
of the United States, and of the Militia of the several states, 
when called into the actual service of the United States ; he has 
power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the 
United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

He has power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators 
present concur : and he nominates, and, by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate, appoints Ambassadors, other public 
Ministers, and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all 
other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not 
otherwise provided for. 

The Judiciary is composed of a Supreme Court, of one Chief 
and six associate Justices ; of 33 District Courts, of one Judge 
each, except that six of the states are divided into two Districts 
each ; and of 7 Circuit Courts, composed of the Judge of the 
District and one of the Justices of the Supreme Court. 

The Judges both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, hold their 
office during good behaviour. The judicial power extends to all 
cases in law and equity arising under the constitution, the laws 
of the United States, and treaties made under their authority : 
to all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers, and 
Consuls : to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction : to 
controversies to which the United States is a party : to contro- 
versies between two or more states ; between citizens of dif- 
ferent states ; or between a state, or the citizens thereof, and 
foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 

The principal Executive officers, are the Secretaries of State, 
of War, and of the Navy, the Post-Master General, and the At- 
torney General. The Secretarj^ of State conducts the negocia- 
tions with foreign powers, and corresponds with the pubhc Min- 
isters of the United States abroad, and with those of foreign 
states near the United States. He has the charge of the United 
States Seal, preserves the originals of the laws and treaties, and 
of the public correspondence growing out of the intercourse be- 
tween the United States and foreign nations ; he grants pass- 
ports to American citizens visiting foreign countries ; has the 
control of the the Patent Office, and preserves the evidence of 
copy-rights. 



General Statistics of the United States. 



The principal details pertaining to the several states, will be 
found in their appropriate places, in the latter part of this 
work. This article will therefore, be chiefly confined to such 
matter as relates to the general government, and to the United 
States in its confederate capacity. 

GOVERNMENT. 

The government of the United States is a Federal Represen- 
tative Democracy, in which all power belongs to the people. The 
legislative power is vested in a Congress, composed of a Senate 
and House of Representatives. The Senate consists of two 
members from each state, chosen by the legislatures respective- 
ly, for a period of six years. The terms of service are so ar- 
ranged, that one-third of the whole Senate is renewed every 
two years. Every senator must have attained the age of thirty 
years, and have been nine years a citizen of the United 
States, and, when elected, an inhabitant of the state from which 
he is chosen. The present number of senators is fifty-two. 
The Senate has the sole power to try impeachments. The Vice 
President of the United States is President of the Senate, and 
has a casting vote only. 

The House of Representatives is composed of members elect- 
ed in the several states by the people, for a term of two years. 
Each state is entitled, under a law passed in 1832, to send one 
Representative for every 47,700 inhabitants. The present num- 
ber of members is 242, besides delegates from Wisconsin, Iowa, 
and Florida. A Representative must have attained the age of 
twenty-five years, and have been seven years a citizen of the 
United States. The pay of each member of Congress during 
the Session is $8 per day, and $S for every twenty miles travel 
to and from the seat of government. 

The President of the Senate joro tern, (who is chosen in the 
absence of the Vice President) and Speaker of the House of 
Representatives, receives $16 per day. 

The House of Representatives choose their own Speaker and 
other officers, and have the sole power of impeachment. All 
bills for raising revenue must originate in the House. 

No person can be a member of Congress and hold any office 
under the United States at the same time. 

Congress has power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and 
excises ; to pay the debts and provide for the common defence 
and general welfare of the United States : 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States : 
To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the 
several states, and with the Indian tribes : To establish an uni- 
form rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of 
bankruptcies throughout the United States : 



GENERAL STATISTICS. 43 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, 
and fix the standard of weights and measures : To establish 
post-offices and post-roads : To secure to authors and inventors 
copy-rights and patents : 

To punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, 
and against the law of nations : To declare war, grant letters 
of marque and reprisal ; raise and support armies ; provide and 
maintain a navy ; to regulate the land and naval forces : To ex- 
ercise exclusive legislation over the District of Columbia, and 
over all places purchased for the erection of forts, magazines, 
arsenals, dock-yards, &c. 

The Executive power is vested in a President of the United 
States of America. 

The President is Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy 
of the United States, and of the Militia of the several states, 
when called into the actual service of the United States ; he has 
power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the 
United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

He has power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators 
present concur : and he nominates, and, by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate, appoints Ambassadors, other public 
Ministers, and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all 
other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not 
otherwise provided for. 

The Judiciary is composed of a Supreme Court, of one Chief 
and six associate Justices ; of 33 District Courts, of one Judge 
each, except that six of the states are divided into two Districts 
each ; and of 7 Circuit Courts, composed of the Judge of the 
District and one of the Justices of the Supreme Court. 

The Judges both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, hold their 
office during good behaviour. The judicial power extends to all 
cases in law and equity arising under the constitution, the laws 
of the United States, and treaties made under their authority : 
to all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers, and 
Consuls : to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction : to 
controversies to which the United States is a party : to contro- 
versies between two or more states ; between citizens of dif- 
ferent states ; or between a state, or the citizens thereof, and 
foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 

The principal Executive officers, are the Secretaries of State, 
of War, and of the Navy, the Post-Master General, and the At- 
torney General. The Secretary of State conducts the negocia- 
tions with foreign powers, and corresponds with the public Min- 
isters of the United States abroad, and with those of foreign 
states near the United States. He has the charge of the United 
States Seal, preserves the originals of the laws and treaties, and 
of the public correspondence growing out of the intercourse be- 
tween the United States and foreign nations ; he grants pass- 
ports to American citizens visiting foreign countries ; has the 
control of the the Patent Office, and preserves the evidence of 
copy-rights. 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 



REVENUE AND MEANS FOR 1839, EXCLUSIVE OF TRUSTS AND THE 

POST OFFICE. 

The balance in the Treasury on the 1st of January, 1839, which 
could be considered available for general pur- 
poses, was $2,466,961 95 

The receipts from customs, the first three quarters, $18,328,393 50 

Receipts from lands the first three quarters, in- 
cluding also some collected last year in Trea- 
sury notes 5,417,286 31 

Miscellaneous receipts 125,208 78 

Estimated receipts for the fourth quarter from 

all those sources 5,700,000 00 

Receipts on some of the debts against banks not 

available on 1st January, 1839, but since paid 1,322,686 00 

From the third issue of Treasury notes under 

the act of March 2, 1839 - - - 3,857,276 21 



Aggregate means 37,217,812 75 

EXPENDITURES FOR 1839, EXCLUSIVE OF THE POST OFFICE AND 

TRUSTS. 

Civil, foreign, and miscellaneous, for the first 

three quarters $3,649,508 23 

Military, for the first three quarters -* - 10,791,799 21 

Naval, for the first three quarters - - 4,713,701 57 

Estimate for all, during the fourth quarter - 5,600,000 00 

Funded debt for the year - - - 14,658 98 

24,769,667 99 
Redemption of Treasury notes in the first three 

quarters, interest as wrell as principal - 9,891,859 83 
Estimated amount of notes redeemed in the 

fourth quarter 1,000,000 00 



Aggregate payments 35,661,427 82 

Leaving an available balance of money in the 

Treasury on the 31st of December, 1839, of 1,556,384 93 



37,217,812 75 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 45 

EXPORTS AND IMPORTS WITHIN THE COMMERCIAL YEAR 1839. 

The exports during the year ending September 30, 1839, are 
computed to have been §118,359,004. This is $9,872,388 more 
than those in the year 1838. 

Of the whole exports only $17,408,000 were of foreign origin, 
and of the excess in exports over 1838, only about five millions 
were domestic produce. 

The imports during the same year were about $157,609,560, 
being the very large excess of $43,892,156 over those during 
the previous year. The difference between the imports and ex- 
ports, being $39,250,556 in favor of the former. 

ESTIMATE OF THE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FOR 1840. 

It is computed that the aggregate of receipts available for pub- 
lic purposes, will not exceed $18,600,000, viz : from 

Customs $15,000,000 00 

Lands 3,500,000 00 

Miscellaneous 100,000 00 

Add to these the balance available and applica 

ble to other purposes, which it is supposed 

will be in the Treasury on the 1st of January, 

1840. 1,556,385 00 



The efficient means in that year will then amount ) 

. ,, , , "^ 20,156,385 00 

m the aggregate to ) 

If Congress should make appropriations to the 

extent desu'ed by the different departments, 

the expenditures for 1840, independent of the 

redemption of Treasury notes, are estimated 

at 20,000,000 00 

Including all the Treasury notes to be redeemed. 

the aggregate expenditure would be about 22,750,000 00 

This would leave a deficit in the Treasury at the 

close of the year, amounting to - - 2,593.615 00 

But there will be due from the United States 

Bank, in September next, on its fourth bond, 

about 2,526,576 00 

The principal now due on the Treasurer's de- 

posites in the other banks, which suspended 

specie payments in 1837, is - - - 1,149,904,00 

Should all these claims be collected in 1840, 

they would prevent a deficiency, and leave an 

available balance in the Treasury of nearly 1,082,865 00 



46 TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 

According to the opinions of the different depart- 
ments, as to the sums of money proper for each, 
and which constitute the basis of the estimates 
submitted to Congress, the new appropriations 
required for the next year will equal the sum 
of $18,280,600 55 



Viz: 

Civil, foreign intercourse, and miscellaneous $4,981,344 19 

Military services, pensions, &c. - - 8,213,610 74 

Naval service 5,085,645 62 



Receipts and Expenditures of the United States for the year 1838. 
Balance in the Treasury on the 1st January, 



1838 


- 


$37,327,252 69 


RECEIPTS. 






Customs .... $16,158,800 


36 




Lands .... 3,081,939 


47 




Second and third instalments due 






from the Bank of the United 






States .... 4,542,102 


22 




Miscellaneous items - - 369,813 


29 




Treasury notes - - - 12,716,820 


86 




Trust funds - - - 2,149,906 


40 


37,019,382 60 








76,346,635 29 


EXPENDITURES. 







Civil, miscellaneous, and foreign 

intercourse - - - $5,666,702 68 
Military - - - 19,936,311 57 

Naval .... 5,941,381 94 

Public debt - - - 2,217 08 

Treasury notes redeemed, inclu- 
ding interest - - - 5,603,503 19 
Ttust funds - - - 2,305,321 89 



39,455,438 34 

Balance on the 1st January, 1839 36,891,196 94 

76,346,635 29 



TREASURY DEPARTMENTT. 47 

Of the public debt. 

The payments on account of the (old) funded and unfunded 
debt, since the 1st December, 1838, have been as follows: 

1. On account of the principal and interest of the funded 
debt: 

Principal $13,012 48 

Interest 1,000 34 



14,012, 82 



Leaving unclaimed and undischarged - 311,508 01 



Viz: 
Principal .... $62,941 99 
Interest .... 248,566 02 



2. On account of the unfunded debt - - $646, 16 



Leaving the amount of certificates and notes pay- 
able on presentation $36,267 24 

Viz: — ^— 

Certificates issued for claims du- 
ring the revolutionary war, and 
registered prior to 1798 $26,652 15 

Treasury notes issued during the 

late war .... 5,295 00 

Certificates of Mississippi stock 4,320 09 

Debts of the corporate cities of the District of Columbia, as- 
sumed by the United States, viz: 

Of the city of Washington .... $1,000,000 00 
Alexandria .... 250,000 00 

Georgetown . - - . 250,000 00 



$1,500,000 00 



The payments during the year 1839, on account 
of the interest and charges of this debt, amount- 
ed to $76,374 77 



48 TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 

Statement of the issue and redemption of Treasury notes from the 
1st of January to the 20th of November, 1839. 

The Treasury notes issued during the period 
above mentioned, under the acts of the 21st 
May, 1838, and 2d March, 1839, amounted to $3,857,276 21 

Amount redeemed during the same period : 
1. Of notes issued under the act 

of the 12th October, 1837, there 

have been entered in the books 

of this office - - - $4,148,848 98 
And there are at present, under 

examination by the accounting 

officers of the Treasury, notes 

which had been received in 

payment for duties and lands, 

amounting to - - - 126,413 65 

4,275,262 63 



2. Of notes issued under the acts of 

21st May, 1838, and 2d March, 

1839, there have been entered 

in the books of this office 5,845,979 18 

And there are at present, under 

examination by the accounting 

officers of the department 508,017 26 



6,353,996 44 



Total amount redeemed since the 1st January, ) infiooot^o n<f 



Note — The Treasury Departmeut was established in 1789. The Secretary superin- 
tends the fiscal concerns of the government, and is required to report to Congress an- 
nually the state of the finances : He recommends such measures as he thinks proper 
for improving the condition of the revenue. This department comprises the offices of 
Secretary, two Comptrollers, five Auditors, the Register, the Treasurer, and the So- 
licitor of the Treasury. 

The revenue is chiefly derived from duties on imports, the sale of public lands, post 
offices, lead mines, &c. The revenue on imported goods is the most important. 

One great source of revenue to the United States is the public lands, consisting of 
tracts of territory ceded to the general government by the several states ; of lands in 
Louisiana, purchased from France ; and those in Florida, acquired by treaty from Spain. 

A great portion of this land is occupied by the Indians, who are considered as pro- 
prietors of the soil, till the goverment extinguish their title by purchase. 

By the Convention of France, of the 3d of April, 1803, the United States paid for 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 



49 



A statement exhibiting the value of imports and exports during 
the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, and 1839. 





VALUE OF IMPORTS. 




Year end- 






ing 30th 










of Sep- 




Paying duty 


Paying spe- 




tember. 


Free of duty 


ad valorum. 


cific duties. 


Total. 


1834 


$68,393,180 


$35,608,208 


$22,519,944 


$126,521,332 


1835 


77,940,493 


45,817,740 


26,137,509 


149,895,742 


1836 


92,056,481 


59,343,388 


38,580.166 


189,980,035 


1837 


69,250,031 


37,716,374 


34,022,812 


140,989,217 


1838 


60,860,005 


27.090,480 


25,766,919 


113,717,404 


1839 


72,040,719 


42,563,739 


43,005,102 


157,609,560 




VALUE OF EXPORTS. 




Year end- 






ing 30th 










of Sep- 


Domestic 


Foreign 




Value of 


tember. 


produce. 


merchan- 
dise. 


Total. 


imports. 


1834 


881,024,162 


$23,312,811 


$104,336,973 


$126,521,332 


1835 


101,189,082 


20,504,495 


121,693,577 


149,895,742 


1836 


106,916,680 


21,746,360 


128,663,040 


189,980,035 


1837 


95,564,414 


21,854,962 


117,419,376 


140,989,217 


1838 


96,033,821 


12,452,795 


108,486,616 


113,717,404 


1839 


100,951,004 


17,408,000 


118,359,004 


1 57,609,560 



Louisiana in stock and money, $15,000,000. Interest on stock up to time it was re- 
deemable, $8,529,353 43. Total, $23,529,353 43. 

By the treaty with Spain of the 22d of February, 1819, there was paid for the Flori- 
das $5,000,000 00. Interest on stock till paid off, $1,489,768 66. Total, $6,489,768 66. 

Paid, and stipulated to be paid by the United States, to the several Indian tribes, for 
lands ceded by them since the year 1794, $84,549,254 81. 



50 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 



Imports into the United States from the first of October, 1821, to 
the 30th September, 1838. 







Value re- 


Cotton 








CA 


Total value 


tained in the 


manufac- 


Woollens. 


Wines, 


Spirits. 


e9 


of imports. 


country for 


tures. 








>> 




consumption. 










182] 


$62,585,724 


$41,283,236 


$7,788,514 


$7,238,954 


$1,873,464 


$1,804,798 


1822 


83,241,511 


60,9.55,309 


10,680,216 


11,7.52,595 


1,864,627 


2,450,261 


1823 


77,579,267 


50,035,645 


8,869,482 


7,953,451 


1,291, .542 


1,791,419 


1824 


80,549,007 


55,211,8.50 


9,157,667 


8,086,8.53 


1,050,898 


2,642,620 


1825 


96,340,075 


63,749,432 


12,509,516 


10,876,873 


1,826,263 


3,135,210 


1826 


84,974,477 


60,434,865 


8,348,034 


7,886,826 


1,781,188 


1,587,712 


1827 


79,484,068 


56,084,932 


9,316,153 


8,231,515 


1,621,035 


1,651,436 


1828 


, 88,509,824 


66,914,807 


10,996,230 


8,097,559 


1,507,533 


2,331,656 


1829 


74,492,527 


57,834,049 


8,362,017 


6,.558,235 


1,564,562 


1,447,914 


1830 


70,876,920 


56,489,441 


7,862,326 


5,.598,634 


1,535,102 


658,990 


1831 


103,191,124 


83,1,57,.598 


16,090,224 


12,668,028 


1 ,673,058 


1 ,037,737 


1832 


101,029,266 


76,989,793 


10,399,6.53 


9,762,262 


2,397,479 


1,365,018 


1833 


108,118,311 


88,295,576 


13,262,509 


7,660,449 


2,601,455 


1,537,226 


1834 


126,521 ,332 


103,208,.521 


10,145,281 


7,379,328 


2,944,388 


1,319,245 


1835 


149,895,742 


129,391,247 


]5,367,.585 


10,023,520 


3,750,608 


1,632,681 


1836 


189,980,035 


168,233,675 


17,876,187 


12,758,430 


4,332,034 


1,917,381 


1837 


140,989,217 


119,134,255 


11,150,841 


4,243,.54S 


4,105,741 


1,470,802 


1838 


113,717,404 


101,264,804 


6,.599,330 


6,967,530 


2,318,282 


1,476,918 




Teas. 


Salt. 


Molasses. 


Iron and 
steel. 


Crockery 
ware. 


Silks. 


1821 


$1,322,636 


$609,021 


$1,719,227 


$3,212,861 


$629,032 


$4,486,924 


1822 


1,860,777 


625,932 


2,398,355 


5,210,056 


1,107,264 


6,840,928 


1823 


2,361,245 


740,866 


2,634,222 


5,083,351 


1,095,126 


6,718,444 


1824 


2,786,2.52 


613,486 


2,413,643 


4,584,134 


856,326 


7,204,588 


1825 


3,728,935 


589,125 


2,547,715 


5,820,517 


1,011,826 


10,299,743 


1826 


3,752,281 


677,058 


2,838,728 


5,451,333 


1,239,050 


8,327,909 


1827 


1,714,882 


535,201 


2,818,982 


6,002,206 


1,091,757 


6,712,015 


1828 


2,451,197 


443,469 


2,788,471 


7,286,033 


1,485,652 


7,686,640 


1829 


2,060,457 


714,618 


1,484,104 


5,7,52,925 


1,229,817 


7,192,698 


1830 


2,425,018 


671,979 


995,776 


5,930,070 


1,168,477 


5,932,243 


1831 


1,418,037 


535,138 


2,432,488 


7,192,979 


1,516,435 


11,117,946 


1832 


2,788,353 


634,910 


2,524,281 


8,804,832 


1,857,542 


9,248,907 


1833 


5,484,603 


996,418 


2,867,986 


7,742,763 


1,669,336 


9,498,366 


1834 


6,217,949 


839,315 


2,989,020 


8,534,458 


1,372,800 


10,998,964 


1835 


4,522,806 


665,097 


3,074,172 


8,965,889 


1,697,682 


16,677,547 


1836 


5,342,811 


724,527 


4,077,312 


12,892,648 


2,709,187 


22,980,212 


1837 


5,902,054 


862,617 


3,444,701 


11,119,548 


1,823,401 


14,352,823 


1838 


3,497,156 


1,028,418 


3,865,285 


7,418,504 


1,233,536 


9,812,338 




Coffee. 


Sugar. 


Spices. 


Lead. 


Linen. 


Hemp. 


1821 


$4,489,970 


$3,.553,582 


$310,281 


$284,701 


$2,.564,169 


$510,.589 


1822 


5,522,649 


5,034,429 


505,340 


266,441 


6,840,928 


1,054,764 


1823 


7,098,119 


3,258,689 


580,956 


155,175 


3,803,807 


674,4.54 


1824 


5,437,029 


5,165,800 


369,140 


107,494 


3,046,920 


241,107 


1825 


5,250,828 


4,282,530 


626,039 


301,408 


3,645,125 


431 ,787 


1826 


4,159,558 


5,311,631 


594,568 


265,409 


2,720,565 


551,757 


1827 


4,464,391 


4,577,361 


322,730 


303,615 


2,360,880 


635,854 


1828 


5,192,338 


3,546,736 


432, .504 


298,544 


2,471,3.52 


1,075,243 


1829 


4,.588,.5S5 


3,622,406 


461,539 


52,146 


2,480,181 


655,935 


1S3C 


4,227,021 


4,636,342 


457,723 


20,395 


2,485,053 


200,338 


1831 


6,317,666 


4,910,877 


279,095 


52,410 


3,145,797 


295,706 


183; 


9,099,464 


2,933,688 


306,013 


124,631 


3,391, .303 


866,865 


1S3[ 


i 10,507,299 


4,7.55,8.56 


919,493 


89,019 


2,352,085 


470,973 


183^ 


I 8.762,657 


5,538,097 


496,562 


183,762 


301,502 


514,743 


183.- 


) 10,715,466 


6,806,425 


712,638 


.54,112 


5,932,568 


528,981 


183( 


5 9,653,05S 


12,514,718 


1,028,039 


37,521 


8,271,213 


815,558 


183' 


? 8,657,76c 


7,203,206 


847,607 


17,874 


4,851,857 


483,792 


183 


3 7,640,21' 


1 7,586,825 


438,258 


1 10,494 


3,583,340 


512,506 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 



51 







FROM 


FROM 


FROM 


FROM 


FROM 


CO 


Specie and 














bullion. 


Great Britain 


France and 


Spam and 


Netherlands 


Sweden and 






and depen- 
dencies. 


dependencies 


dependencies 


and depen- 
dencies. 


dependencies 


182] 


$8,064,890 


$29,277,938 


$5,900,581 


$ 9,653,728 


$2,934,272 


$1,369,869 


1822 


3,369,846 


39,527,829 


7,0.59,342 


12,376,841 


2,708,162 


1,544,907 


1823 


5,097,896 


34,072,578 


6,605,343 


14,233,590 


2,125,587 


1,503,050 


1S24 


6,473,095 


32,732,340 


8,120,763 


16,577,156 


2,3.55,525 


1,101,750 


1825 


6,150,765 


42,394,812 


11,835,581 


9,566,237 


2,265,378 


1,417,598 


1826 


6,880,966 


32,212,356 


9,588,896 


9,623,420 


2,174,181 


1,292,182 


1S27 


8,151,130 


33,056,374 


9,448,562 


9,100,369 


1,722,070 


1,225,042 


1S2S 


7,489,741 


35,591,484 


10,287,-505 


8,167,456 


1,990,431 


1,946,783 


1829 


7,403,602 


27,582,082 


9,616,970 


6,801,374 


1,617,334 


1 ,303,959 


1830 


8,155,964 


26,804,984 


8,240,885 


8,373,681 


1,356,765 


1 ,398,640 


1S31 


7,305,945 


47,956,717 


14,737,585 


11,701,201 


1,653,031 


1,120,730 


1832 


5,907,504 


42,406,924 


12.7.54,615 


10,863,290 


2,358,474 


1,150,804 


1833 


7,070,368 


43,085,865 


13;962,913 


13,431,207 


2,347,343 


1,200,899 


1834 


17,911,633 


52,679,298 


17,557,245 


13,527,464 


2,127,886 


1,126,541 


1835 


13,131,447 


65,949,307 


23,362,584 


15,617,140 


2,903,718 


1,316,508 


1836 


13,400,881 


86,022,915 


37,036,235 


19,345,690 


3,861,514 


1,299,603 


1837 


10,506,414 


52,289,557 


22,497,817 


18,927,871 


3,370,828 


1,468,878 


1S3S 


17,747,116 


49,051,181 


18,087,149 


15,971,394 


2,194,238 


900,790 




FROM 


FROM 


FROM 


FROM 


FROM 


FROM 




Denmark and 


Portugal and 


China. 


Hanse Towns 


Russia. 


West Indies 




dependencies 


dependencies 








generally. 


1821 


$1,999,730 


$748,423 


$3,111,951 


$ 990,165 


$1,852,199 


$3,727 


1822 


2,535,406 


881,290 


5,242,5.56 


1,578,757 


3,307,328 


1,-590 


1823 


1,324,532 


533,635 


6,511,425 


1,981,026 


2,2-58,777 


7,123 


1824 


2,110,666 


601,722 


5,618,-502 


2,-527,830 


2,209,663 


188 


1825 


1,539,592 


733,443 


7,-533,115 


2,739,-526 


2,067,110 


9,579 


1826 


2,117,164 


765,203 


7,422,186 


2,816,545 


2,617,169 


120 


1827 


2,340,171 


659,001 


3,617,183 


1,638,558 


2,086,077 


167 


1828 


2,374,069 


433,-555 


5,339,108 


2,644,392 


2,788,362 


1,860 


1S29 


2,086,177 


687,869 


4,680,847 


2,274,275 


2,218,995 


3,314 


1830 


1,671,218 


471,643 


3,878,141 


1,873,278 


1,621,899 


7,386 


1831 


1,652,216 


397,550 


3,083,205 


3,493.301 


1,608,328 


10,691 


1832 


1,182,708 


485,264 


5,344,907 


2,865,096 


3,251,852 


12,740 


1833 


1,166,872 


555,137 


7,541,570 


2,227,726 


2,772,550 


-^ 


1834 


1,684,368 


699,122 


7,892,327 


3.355,856 


2,595,840 


— 


1835 


1,403,902 


1,125,713 


5,987,187 


3,841,943 


2,395,245 


— 


1836 


1,874,340 


672,670 


7,324,816 


4,994,820 


2,778,554 


4,460 


1837 


1,266,906 


928,291 


8,965,337 


5,642,221 


2,816,116 


2,183 


1838 


1,644,865 


725,058 


4,764,356 


2,847,368 


1,838,396 


217 




FROM 


FROM 


FROM 


FROM 


FROM 


FROM 




Texas. 


Mexico. 


Columbia. 


Central 
America. 


Brazil. 


Argentine 
Republic. 


1821 














$ 605,126 





1822 


— 





— 


— 


1,486,-567 


— 


1823 


— 


— 


— 


— 


1,214,810 


— 


1824 


— 


— . 


— 


— 


2,074,119 


— 


1825 


— 


$4,044,647 


$1,837,050 


.$ 56,789 


2,156,707 


$749,771 


1826 


— 


3,916,198 


2,079,724 


204,270 


2,156,678 


522,769 


1827 


— 


5,231,867 


1,550,248 


251,342 


2,060,971 


80,065 


1828 


— 


4,814,258 


1,484,856 


204,770 


3,097,752 


317,466 


1829 


— 


5,026,761 


1,255,310 


311,931 


2,535,467 


912,114 


1830 


— 


5,235,241 


1,120,095 


302,883 


2,491,460 


1,431,883 


1831 


— 


5,166,745 


1,207,154 


198,504 


2.375,829 


928,103 


1832 





4,293,594 


1,439,182 


288,316 


3,890,845 


1,560,171 


1S33 





5,452,818 


1,-524,622 


267,746 


5.089,693 


1,377,117 


1834 





8,066,068 


1,727,188 


170,968 


4,729,969 


1,430,118 


1835 





9,490,446 


1,662,764 


215,450 


5,574,466 


878,618 


1836 





5,615,819 


1,696,650 


195,304 


7,210,190 


1,053,503 


1837 


$163,384 


5,654,002 


1,567,345 


163,402 


4,991,893 


989,442 


LS38 


165,718 


3,500,709 


1,615,249 


155,614 


3,191,238 


1,010,908 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 





FROM 


INTO 


INTO 


INTO 


INTO 


INTO 


^ 


Chili. 


Maine. 


New-Hamp- 


Vermont. 


Massachu- 


Rhode Island 


V 

>< 






shire. 




setts. 




1821 





$ 980,294 


$3.50,021 


$15,987 


$14,826,732 


$1,032,968 


1822 





943,775 


330,052 


60,897 


18,337,320 


1,884,144 


1823 





891,644 


371,770 


62,242 


17,607,160 


1,412,953 


1824 


— 


768,443 


245,513 


161,854 


15,378,758 


1,388,336 


1825 


$229,509 


1,169,940 


331,244 


109,021 


15,845,141 


907,906 


1826 


629,949 


1,245,235 


348,609 


228,650 


17,063,482 


1,185,934 


1S27 


184,693 


1,333,390 


302,211 


144,078 


13,370,564 


1,241,828 


1828 


781,863 


1,246,809 


299,849 


177,.539 


15,070,44-4 


1,128,226 


1829 


416,118 


742,781 


179,889 


205,392 


12,.520,744 


423,811 


1830 


182,535 


572,660 


130,828 


140,059 


10,453,544 


488,756 


1831 


413,758 


941,407 


146,205 


166,206 


14,269,056 


562,161 


1832 


504,623 


1,123,326 


115,171 


214,672 


18,118,900 


657,969 


1833 


334,130 


1,380,308 


167,754 


523,260 


19,940,911 


1 ,042,286 


1834 


787,409 


1,060,121 


118,695 


322,806 


17,672,129 


427,024 


1835 


917,095 


883,389 


71,514 


217,853 


19,800,373 


597,713 


1836 


811,497 


930,086 


64,354 


456,846 


25,681 ,462 


555,199 


1837 


1,180,156 


801,404 


81,834 


342,449 


19,975,667 


523,610 


1838 


942,095 


899,142 


169,985 


258,417 


13,300,925 


656,613 




INTO 


INTO 


INTO 


INTO 


INTO 


INTO 




Connecticut. 


New York. 


Nev/ Jersey. 


Pennsylvania 


Delaware. 


Maryland. 


1821 


$312,090 


$23,629,246 


$ 17,606 


$ 8,158,922 


$ 80,997 


$4,070,842 


1822 


507,094 


35,445,628 


103,190 


11,874,170 


216,969 


4,792,486 


1823 


456,643 


29,421,349 


5,933 


13,696,770 


60,124 


4,946,179 


1824 


581,510 


36,113,723 


637,518 


11,865,531 


12,080 


4,551,442 


1825 


704,478 


49,639,174 


27,688 


15,041,797 


18,693 


4,751,815 


1826 


736,194 


38,115,630 


48,004 


13,.551,779 


10,009 


4,928,569 


1827 


630,004 


38,719,644 


338,497 


ll,212,9a5 


6,993 


4,405,708 


1828 


485,174 


41,927,792 


706,872 


12,884,408 


15,260 


5,629,694 


1829 


309,538 


34,743,307 


786,247 


10,100,1.52 


24,179 


4,804,135 


1830 


269,583 


35,624,070 


13,444 


8,702,122 


26,574 


4,523,866 


1S31 


405,066 


■57,077,417 


— 


12,124,083 


21,656 


4,826,577 


1832 


437,715 


53,214,402 


70,460 


10,678,358 


23,653 


4,629,303 


1833 


352,014 


55,918,449 


170 


10,451,250 


9,043 


5,437,057 


1834 


385,720 


73,188,594 


4,492 


10,479,268 


185,943 


4,647,483 


1835 


439,502 


88,191,305 


18,932 


12,389,937 


10,611 


5,647,153 


1836 


468,163 


118,253,416 


24,263 


15,068,233 


107,063 


7,131,867 


1837 


318,849 


79,301,722 


69,152 


11,680,111 


66,841 


7,857,033 


1838 


343,331 


68,453,206 


1,700 


9,360,371 


1,348 


5,701,869 




INTO 


INTO 


INTO 


INTO 


INTO 


INTO 




District of 


Virginia. 


North Caro- 


South Caro- 


Georgia. 


Louisiana. 




Columbia. 




lina. 


lina. 






1821 


$398,984 


$1,078,490 


$200,673 


$3,007,113 


$1,002,684 


$3,379,717 


1822 


470,613 


864,162 


258,761 


2,283,586 


989,591 


3,817,238 


1823 


275,083 


681,810 


183,958 


2,419,101 


670,705 


4,283,125 


1824 


379,958 


639,787 


465,836 


2,166,185 


551,888 


4,539,769 


1825 


277,297 


553,562 


311,308 


1,892,297 


343,356 


4,290,034 


1826 


269,630 


635,438 


367, .545 


1,534,483 


330,993 


4,167,521 


1827 


327,623 


431,765 


276,791 


1,434,106 


312,609 


4,531,645 


1828 


181,665 


375,238 


268,615 


1,242,048 


308,669 


6,217,881 


1829 


205,921 


395,352 


283,347 


1,139,618 


380,293 


6,857,209 


1830 


168,550 


405,739 


221,992 


1,064,619 


282,346 


7,599,083 


1831 


193,555 


488,522 


196,356 


1,238,163 


399,940 


9,766,693 


1832 


188,047 


553,639 


215,184 


1,213,725 


253,417 


8,871,653 


1833 


150,046 


690,391 


198,758 


1,517,705 


318,990 


9,590,505 


1834 


196,254 


837,325 


222,472 


1,787,267 


646,802 


13,781,809 


1835 


111,195 


691,255 


241,981 


1,891,805 


393,049 


17,519,814 


1836 


111,419 


1,106,814 


197,116 


2,801,361 


573,222 


15,117,649 


1837 


102,225 


813,823 


271,623 


2,510,860 


774,349 


14,020,012 


183S 


122,748 


577,142 


290,405 


2,318,791 


776,068 


9,496,808 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 



53 





INTO 


INTO 


INTO 


INTO 


INTO 


INTO 


INTO 


INTO 




Missis- 


Alabeima. 


Ohio. 


Michigan. 


Tennes- 


Kentucky 


Missouri 


Florida. 


>* 


sipppi. 








see. 








18?1 


_ 


_ 


$ 12 


$ 29,076 





— 




$ 13,270 


\H99 





$ 36,421 


190 


18,377 


— 


— 


— 


6,877 


lS-?3 





125,770 


161 


2,159 


— 


— 


— 


4,808 


1S94 





91,604 


— 


1,886 


— 


— 


— 


6,986 


18^0 





113,411 


__ 


5,695 





— 


— 


3,218 


IS^fi 





179,554 





10,628 





— 


— 


16,590 


1827 


— 


201,909 


— 


3,774 


— 


— 


— 


257,994 


lS-78 





171,909 





3,440 





— 


— 


168,292 


1829 





233,720 


293 


2,957 


— 


— 


— 


153,642 


1830 





144,823 


262 


21,315 


— 


— 


— 


32,689 


1831 





224,435 


217 


27,299 


— 


— 


— 


115,710 


1832 





107,787 


12,392 


22,648 


— 


— 


— 


306,845 


1833 





265,918 


8,353 


63,876 


— 


— 


$5,881 


S5,3S6 


1834 





395,361 


19,767 


106,202 


— 


— 


— 


135,798 


l83o 





525,954 


9,808 


130,629 


$13,796 


— 


— 


98,173 


1836 


$5,650 


651,618 


10,960 


502,287 


36,015 


— 


3,227 


121,745 


1837 





609,385 


17,747 


490,784 


27,401 


$17,782 




305,514 


1838 


— 


524,548 


12,895 


256,662 


527 


8,932 


15,921 


168,690 



Exports of the United States, commencing on the 1st of October, 
1821. and ending on the 30th of September, 1838. 





VALUE OF EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED 


VALUE OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES. 






STATES. 












Total. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Cotton. 


Tobacco. 


Manufac- 
tures. 


1821 


$ 64,974,382 


$ 43,671,894 


$21,302,488 


$20,157,484 


$5,648,962 


$2,752,631 


1822 


72,160,387 


49,874,185 


22,286,202 


24,035,058 


6,222,838 


3,121,030 


1823 


74,699,030 


47,155,408 


27,543,622 


20,445,520 


6,282,672 


3,139,598 


1824 


75,986,657 


50,649,500 


25,337,157 


21,947,401 


4,8.55,566 


4,841,383 


1S25 


99,535,388 


66,944,745 


32,-590,643 


36,846,649 


6,115,623 


5,729,797 


1826 


77,595,322 


53,055,710 


24,539,612 


25,025,214 


5,347,208 


5,495,130 


1827 


82,324,827 


58,921,691 


23,403,136 


29,359,545 


6,816,146 


5,536,651 


1S28 


72,264,686 


50,669,669 


21,595,017 


22,487,229 


5,480,707 


5,548,3-34 


1829 


72,358,671 


55,700,193 


16,658,478 


26,575,311 


5,185,370 


5,412,320 


1830 


73,849,-508 


59,462,029 


14,387,479 


29,674,883 


5,833,112 


5,320,980 


1831 


81,310,583 


61,277,057 


20,033,-526 


25,289,482 


4,892,388 


5,086,890 


1832 


87,176,943 


63,137,470 


24,039,473 


31,724,682 


5,999,769 


5,050,633 


1833 


90,140,433 


70,317,698 


19,822,735 


36,191,105 


5,755,968 


6,557,080 


1834 


104,336,973 


81,034,162 


23,312,811 


49,448,402 


6,-595,305 


6,247,893 


1835 


121,693,577 


101,189,082 


20,504,495 


64,661,302 


8,250,577 


7,694,073 


1836 


128,663,040 


106,916,680 


21,746,360 
21,854,962 


71,284,925 


10,0-58,640 


6,107,-528 


1837 


117,419,376 


95,564,414 


63,240,102 


5,795,647 


7,136,997 


1838 


108,486,616 


96,033,821 


12,4-52,795 


61,-556,811 


7,392,029 


8,397,078 



54 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 





VALUE OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES — Cont'd. 


EXPORTED FROM 


t 


Specie and 


Flour. 


Lumber. 


Maine. 


New-Hamp- 


Vermont. 




bullion. 








shire. 




1S21 


$10,478,0.59 


$4,298,043 


$1,512,808 


$1,040,848 


$260,765 


$263,330 


1822 


10,810,180 


5,103,280 


1,307,670 


1,036,642 


199,699 


257,694 


1823 


6,372,987 


4,962,373 


l,335,60r 


895,501 


237,705 


236,140 


1824 


7,014,522 


5,7.59,176 


1,734,586 


900,195 


185,383 


208,258 


1825 


8,797,055 


4,212,127 


1,717,.571 


1,031,127 


198,680 


396,166 


1826 


4,663,795 


4,121,466 


2,011,69-4 


1,0.52,575 


167,075 


884,202 


1827 


8,014,880 


4,434,881 


1,697,17C 


1,070,134 


177,398 


1,259,441 


1828 


8,243,476 


4,283,669 


1,821,906 


1,019,517 


124,433 


239,610 


1829 


4,924,020 


5,000,023 


1,680,40: 


737,832 


105,740 


808,079 


1830 


2,178,773 


6,132,129 


1,836,01^ 


1 670,522 


96,184 


658,256 


1831 


9,014,931 


10,461,728 


1,964,19; 


) 805,573 


111,222 


925,127 


1832 


5,656,340 


4,974,121 


2,096,70' 


981,443 


115,.582 


349,820 


1833 


2,611,701 


5,642,602 


2,569,49; 


! 1,019,831 


155,2.58 


377,399 


1834 


2,076,758 


4,560,379 


2,435,31-^ 


\ 834,167 


80,870 


334,372 


1835 


6,477,775 


4,394,777 


3,323,05' 


r 1,059,367 


81,681 


328,151 


1836 


4,324,336 


3,572,599 


2,860,691 


850,986 


15,.520 


188,165 


1837 


5,976,249 


2,987,269 


3,155,99S 


955,952 


34,641 


138,693 


1838 


3,513,565 


3,603,299 


3,116,196 


) 935,532 


74,670 


132,650 




Rice. 


Pork, hogs, 

&c. 


Fish. 


Massachu- 
setts. 


Rhode Island 


Connecticut 


1821 


$1,494,307 


$1,354,116 


$ 973,.59] 


$12,484,691 


$996,828 


$376,187 


1822 


1,563,482 


1,357,899 


915,83!: 


> 12,,59S,525 


862,363 


485,312 


1823 


1,820,985 


1,291.322 


1.004,806 


) 13,683,239 


933,114 


482,061 


1824 


1,882,982 


1,489,051 


1,136,704 


10,434,328 


872,899 


575,852 


1825 


1,925,245 


1,832,679 


1,078,77: 


11,432,987 


678,467 


689,270 


1826 


1,917,445 


1,892,429 


924,925 


10,098,862 


781,540 


708,893 


1827 


2,343,908 


1,. 555, 698 


987,44' 


10,424,383 


804,187 


590,275 


1828 


2,620,696 


1,495,830 


1,066,66: 


9,025,785 


722,126 


521, .545 


1829 


2,514,370 


1,493,629 


968,06^ 


8,254,937 


390,381 


457,970 


1830 


1,986,824 


1,315,245 


756,67' 


7,213,194 


278,9.50 


389,511 


1831 


2,016,267 


1,501,644 


929,834 


7,733,763 


367,465 


482,883 


1832 


2,152,361 


1,928,196 


1,056,721 


11,993,768 


534,459 


430,466 


1833 


2,774,418 


2,151,558 


990,290 


9,683,122 


485,481 


427,603 


1834 


2,122,292 


1,796,001 


863,674 


10,148,820 


501,626 


422,416 


1835 


2,210,331 


1,776,732 


1,008,534 


10,043,790 


296,003 


519,270 


1836 


2,548,750 


1,383,344 


967,890 


10,384,346 


228,420 


438,199 


1S37 


2,309,279 


1,299,796 


769,840 


9,728,190 


488,258 


532,590 


1838 


1,721,819 


1,312,346 


819,003 


9,104,862 


291,257 


543,610 




Beef, cattle. 


Butter and 


Skius and 


New York. 


New Jersey. 


Pennsylvania 




&c. 


cheese. 


furs. 








1821 


$698,323 


$190,287 


$766,205 


$13,162,917 


$33,711 


$7,391,767 


1822 


844,534 


221,041 


501,302 


17,100,482 


83,551 


9,047,802 


1823 


739,461 


192,778 


672,917 


19,038,990 


26,064 


9,617,192 


1S24 


707,299 


204,205 


661,455 


22,897,134 


28,989 


9,364,893 


1825 


930,465 


247,787 


524,692 


35,259,261 


47,213 


11,269,981 


1826 


733,430 


207,765 


582,473 


21,947,791 


37,965 


8,331,722 


1827 


772,636 


184,049 


441,690 


23,834,137 


25,627 


7,575,833 


1S2S 


719,961 


176,354 


6 26,235 


22,777.649 


1,892 


6,051,480 


1829 


674,955 


176,205 


626,.507 


20,119,011 


8,022 


4,089,935 


1830 


717,683 


142,370 


641,760 


19,697,983 


8,324 


4,291,793 


1831 


829,982 


264,796 


750,938 


25,535,144 


11,430 


5,513,713 


1832 


774,087 


290,820 


691,909 


26,000,945 


61,794 


3,516,066 


1833 


958,076 


2.58,4.52 


841,933 


25,39.5,117 


32,753 


4,078,951 


1834 


755,219 


190,099 


797,844 


25,512,014 


8,131 


3,989,746 


1835 


■638,761 


164,809 


759,953 


30,345,264 


74,041 


3,739,275 


1836 


699,166 


114,033 


653,662 


28,920,438 


62,809 


3,971, .555 


1837 


585,146 


96,176 


651,908 


27,338,419 


44,217 


3,841,599 


1838 


528,231 


148,191 


6.36,945 


23,008,471 


28,010 


3,477,151 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 



55 



EXPORTED FEOM — Continued. 





Delaware. 


Mjiryland. 


District of 


Virginia. 


North Caro- 


South Caro- 


0) 






Columbia. 




lina. 


lina. 


1821 


$ 85,445 


$3,850,394 


$ 898,103 


$3,079,209 


$400,944 


$7,200,511 


1822 


16S,.592 


4,536,796 


1,043,430 


3,217,389 


585,951 


7,260,320 


1823 


53,837 


5,030,228 


801,295 


4,006,788 


482,417 


6,898,814 


1824 


18,964 


4,863,233 


722,403 


3,277,564 


588,733 


8,034,082 


1825 


31,656 


4,501,304 


758,367 


4,129,520 


553,390 


11,056,742 


1826 


35,195 


4,010,748 


624,231 


4, .596, 732 


381,740 


7,354,036 


1827 


9,406 


4,516,406 


1,182,142 


4,657,938 


449,237 


8,322,561 


1828 


29,393 


4,334,422 


707,443 


3,340,185 


523,747 


6,530,712 


1829 


7,195 


4,804,463 


928,097 


3,787,431 


564,506 


8,175,586 


1S30 


52,258 


3,791,482 


753,973 


4,791 ,644 


399,333 


7,627,031 


1831 


34,514 


4,308,647 


1,220,975 


4,150,475 


341,140 


6,575,201 


1832 


16,242 


4,499,918 


1,154,474 


4,510,650 


342,041 


7,752,731 


1833 


45,911 


4,062,467 


1,002,816 


4,467,587 


433,033 


8,434,325 


1834 


51,945 


4,168,245 


820,394 


5,483,098 


471,406 


11,207,778 


1833 


SS,S26 


3,925,234 


517,639 


6,064,063 


319,327 


11,338,016 


1836 


74,981 


3,675,475 


326,874 


6,192,040 


429,831 


13,684,376 


1837 


40,333 


3,789,917 


469,209 


3,702,714 


.551,795 


11,220,161 


1838 


36,844 


4,324,575 


373,113 


3,986,228 


545,223 


11,042,070 




Georgia. 


Ohio. 


Kentucky 


Tennessee. 


Alabama. 


Indiana. 


1821 


$6,014,310 


— 


— 


— 


$ 108,960 


— 


1822 


5,484,870 


$ 105 


— 


— 


209,748 


— 


1823 


■ 4,293,666 


— 


— 


— 


200,387 


— 


1824 


4,623,982 


— 


— 


— 


460,727 


— 


1825 


4,222,833 


— 


— 


— 


692,635 


— 


1826 


4,368,504 


— 


— 


— 


1,527,112 


— 


1827 


4,261,555 


— 


— 


— 


1,376,364 


— 


1S2S 


3,104,425 


— 


— 


— 


1,182,559 


— 


1829 


4,981,376 


2,004 


— 


— 


1,693,958 


— 


;S30 


5,336,626 


— 


— 


— 


2,294,594 


— 


1831 


3,939,813 


14,728 


— 


— 


2,413,894 


— 


1832 


5,315,883 


58,394 


— 


— 


2,736,387 


— 


1833 


6,270,040 


225 ,.544 


— 


— 


4,527,961 


— 


1834 


7,567,327 


241,451 


— 


— 


5,670,797 


— 


1835 


8,890,674 


97,201 


— 


— 


7,574,692 


— 


1836 


10,722,200 


3,718 


— 


— 


11,184,166 


— 


1837 


8,935,041 


132,844 


— 


— 


9,671,401 


— 


1838 


8,803,839 


139,827 


— 


— 


9,688,244 


— 


! Michigan. 


Mississippi. 


Louisiana. 


Florida. 


Missouri. 




1821 


$53,290 





$ 7,272,172 


— 


— 


— 


1822 


649 


— 


7,978,645 


$ 1,777 


— 


— 


1823 


1,010 


— 


7,779,072 


1,510 


— 


— 


1824 


1 _ 


— 


7,928,820 


216 


— 


— 


1825 


1 — 


— 


12,582,924 


2,865 


— 


— 


1826 


— 


— 


10,284,380 


209 


— 


— 


182' 


1,320 


— 


11,728,997 


57,486 


— 


— 


1825 


— 


— 


11,947,400 


60,321 


— 


— 


182£ 


— 


— 


12,386,060 


56,086 


— 


— 


183C 


1,.5S8 


— 


15,488,692 


7,570 


— 


— 


1831 


12,392 


— 


16,761,989 


30,493 


— 


— 


183S 


9,234 


— 


16,530,930 


65,716 


— 


— 


183: 


!! 9,0.54 


— 


18,941,373 


64,803 


— 


— 


183^ 


I 36,021 


— 


26,.557,52-4 


228,82£ 


— 


— 


183f 


) 64,830 


— 


36,270,82; 


61,71C 


— 


— 


183( 


5 61,231 


— 


37,179,828 


71,662 


— 


— 


183' 


? 69,790 


$304,831 


35,338,69' 


90,08^ 


— 


— 


1835 


i 125,66C 


— 


31,502,24$ 


I 122,535 


— 


— 



56 



TRKASURY DEPARTMENT. 



EXPORTED TO 



«•; 


Great Britain 






Netherlands 


Sweden and 


Denmark and 


a; 


and depen- 


France and 


Spain and de- 


and depen- 


dependen- 


dependen- 


>^ 


dencies. 


dependencies 


pendencies. 


dencies. 


cies. 


cies. 


1S21 


$26,522,572 


$ 6,474,718 


$7,218,265 


$6,092,061 


$777,407 


$2,327,882 


1S22 


30,041,337 


7,075,332 


8,438,212 


5,801,839 


921,434 


2,434,046 


1823 


27,671,060 


9,568,924 


10,963,398 


7,767,075 


5.58,291 


1,95.5,071 


1824 


28,027,845 


10,552,304 


15,367,278 


3,617,389 


569,428 


2,183,252 


1825 


44,217,525 


11,891,326 


5,840,720 


5,895,499 


569',.550 


2,701,088 


182G 


28,980,020 


12,106,429 


6,687,351 


4,794,070 


3,58,380 


2,412,875 


1827 


32,870,465 


13,565,356 


7,321,991 


3,826,674 


8,50',S77 


2,404,822 


1828 


27,020,209 


12,098,341 


7,204,627 


3,083,3.59 


1,106,9.54 


3,348,167 


1829 


28,071,084 


12,832,304 


6,888,094 


4,622,120 


957,948 


2,311,174 


1830 


31,647,881 


11,806,238 


6,049,051 


4,562,437 


961 ,729 


2,014,085 


1S31 


39,901,379 


9,882,679 


5,661,420 


3,096,609 


540,078 


2,000,793 


1832 


37,268,556 


13,244,698 


6,399,193 


6,035,466 


515,140 


2,207,551 


1833 


39,782,240 


14,424,533 


6,506,041 


3,566,361 


420,069 


1,839.834 


1834 


50,797,650 


16,111,442 


6,296,-556 


4,578,739 


494,741 


1,8.57,114 


1835 


60,167,699 


20,335,066 


7,069,279 


4,411,053 


602,.593 


1,780,496 


1836 


64,487,550 


21,441,200 


8,081,668 


4,799,157 


700,386 


2,122,469 


1837 


61,217,485 


20,255,346 


7,604,002 


4,285,767 


507,523 


1,640,173 


183S 


58,843,392 


16,252,413 


7,684,006 


3,772,206 


355,852 


1 ,299,927 




Pni'tup^nl Hnri 


p, ■ 






West Indies 






JT'JilUg*!!. atlKX 








dependencies 


(a) 


Hanse Towns 


Russia. 


generally. 


Texas. 


1821 


$435,700 


$4,290,560 


$2,132,544 


$628,894 


$560,513 


— 


1822 


427,491 


5,935,368 


2,505,015 


529,081 


540,060 


— 


1823 


246,648 


4,636,061 


3,169,439 


648,734 


613,690 


— 


1824 


518,836 


5,301,171 


1,863,273 


231,981 


.599,884 


— 


1825 


408,160 


5,570,515 


3,121,033 


287,401 


669,668 


■ — 


1826 


313,553 


2,566,644 


2,116,697 


174,648 


617,869 


— 


1827 


357,370 


3,864,405 


3,013,185 


382,244 


466,860 


— 


1828 


291,614 


1,482,802 


2,995,251 


450,495 


460,197 


— 


1829 


322,911 


1,354,862 


3,277,160 


386,226 


369,619 


— 


1830 


279,799 


742,193 


2,274,880 


416,575 


247,121 


— 


1831 


294,383 


1,290,835 


2,592,172 


462,766 


635,627 


— 


1832 


296,218 


1,260,522 


4,088,212 


582,682 


562,9.54 





1833 


442,561 


1,433,759 


2,903,296 


703,805 


367,773 


— 


1834 


322,496 


1,010,483 


4,659,674 


330,694 


408,643 


— 


1835 


521,413 


1,868,580 


3,528,276 


585,447 


450,516 





1836 


191,007 


1,194,264 


4,363,882 


911,013 


513,996 




1837 


423,705 


630,591 


3,754,949 


1,306,732 


467,557 


$1,007,928 


1838 


232,131 


1,516,602 


3,291,645 


1,048,289 


339,052 


1,247,880 








Central 




Argentine 






Mexico. 


Columbia. 


America. 


Brazil. 


Republic. 


Chill. 


1821 





— 


— 


$1,381,760 








1822 


— 


— 


— 


1,463,929 


— 


— 


1823 


— 


— 


— 


1,341,390 





— 


1824 


— 


— 


— 


2,301,904 





— 


1825 


$6,470,144 


$2,239,255 


$ 99,522 


2,393,754 


$573,520 


$ 921,438 


1826 


6,281,050 


1,952,662 


119,774 


2,200,349 


379,340 


1,447,498 


1827 


4,173,257 


944,534 


224,772 


1,863,806 


151,204 


1,702,601 


1828 


2,886,484 


884,524 


159,272 


1,988,705 


1.54,228 


2,629,402 


1829 


2,331,151 


767,348 


239,854 


1,929,927 


626,052 


1,421,134 


1830 


4,837,458 


496,990 


2.50,118 


1 ,843,238 


629,887 


1,536,114 


1831 


6,178,218 


658,149 


306,497 


2,076,095 


6.59,779 


1,368,1.55 


1832 


3,467,541 


1,117,024 


335,307 


2,054,794 


923,040 


1,221,119 


1833 


5,408,091 


957,543 


575;616 


3,272,101 


699,728 


1,463,940 


1834 


5,265,053 


795,567 


184,149 


2,059,351 


971,837 


1,476,355 


1835 


9,029,221 


1,064,016 


183,793 


2,608,656 


708,918 


941,884 


1836 


6,041,635 


829,255 


189,518 


3,094,936 


384,933 


957,917 


1837 


3,880,323 


1,080,119 


157,663 


1,743,209 


266,008 


1,467,799 


1838 


2,164,097 


724,739 


243,040 


2,267,194 


236,665 


1,370,264 



(a) Before the revolution we had no trade with China ; but it gradually became im- 
portant, and in 1821 and 1822 had swelled in exports to Canton to five millions of dol- 
lars. According to a report of the British Parliament, made in 1833, (and some Ameri- 
.can captains were examined as to the facts,) it was ascertained that our trade was equal 
to three-fourths of that of the East India Company. 



NAVY DEPARTMENT. 



OFFICERS SALARIES, &c. 



Grade. 



(Number in 
service. 



CAPTAINS 

Senior captain in service - - 
Do do on leave, &c. - 

Captains of squadrons - - 

Do do on other duty 
Do do off duty - - 



COMMANDERS 

Do in sea service 

Do at navy yards, or other duty 
Do on leave, &c. 



LIEUTENANTS - - 
Do commauding 

Do on other duty 

Do waiting orders 



SURGEONS 



Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 



first five years after date of commission 

do at navy yards, &c. 

do in sea service 

do of the fleet 

second five years 

do at navy yards, &c. 

do in sea service 

do of the fleet 

third five years 

do at navy yards 

do in sea service 

do of the fleet 

fourth five years 

do at navy yards 

fourth five years in sea service - - - 

do of the fleet 

twenty years and upwards . . . . 

do at navy yards 

twenty years and upwards in sea service 
do of the fleet 



PASSED ASSISTANT SURGEONS 



ASSISTANT SURGEONS 



Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 

PURSERS 



do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 



waiting orders - - 
at sea .... 

after passing, &c. - 
at sea, after passing 
at navy yards, &c. 
do after passing 



CHAPLAINS 
Do 
Do 



m sea service 
on leave, &c. 



PASSED MIDSHIPMEN .... 
Do do on duty • - 

Do do waiting orders 



MIDSHIPMEN .... 
Do in sea service 

Do on other duty 

Do on leave, &c. 



55 



55 



290 



17 
53 



51 
13 



191 



231 



Pay per 
annum. 



$4,500 
3,500 
4,000 
3,500 
2,500 



2,500 
2,100 
1,800 



1,800 
1,-500 
1,200 



1,000 

1,250 

l,333i 

1,500 

1,200 

1,500 

1,600 

1,800 

1,400 

1,750 

1,S66§ 

2,100 

1,600 

2,000 

2,133i 

2,400 

1,800 

2,250 

2,400 

2,700 



650 
950 
850 

1,200 
950 

1,150 

480 



1,200 
800 



750 
600 



400 
350 
300 



Rations. 



J2 § 



TS 



ll 

Ij o 

^ V 

te ID 

'-> ^ 



2a 
S o 



-60 

ctf-r; 
T3 rt 



o -~ 



I !S 



58 



NAVY DEPARTMENT. 



OFFICERS SALARIES, &c. 



Grade. 



Number in 
service. 



Pay per 
annum. 



Rations. 



MASTERS 

Do of a ship of the line at sea 

Do on other duty - - - 

Do on leave, &c. - - - - 



PROFESSORS OF MATHEMATICS, AND 
TEACHERS AT NAVAL SCHOOLS, &c. • 

PROFESSORS, &c. 

TEACHERS, &c. 

BOATSWAINS, 
GUNNERS, 
CARPENTERS, 
SAILMAKERS, 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 



29 



17 



of a ship of the line 
of a frigate - • - 
on other duty ■ • 
on leave, &c. - • 



32 
37 
24 
25 



1,100 

1,000 

750 



1,200 
*480 



750 
600 
500 
360 



* Teachers receive, in addition, two rations per day, at 20 cents each. 



(U 0) CO ^ £* 

= ^ °'^ S 

C<i CO ^ 4) P, 

.- <" , s 
« ^ ■" >•$. 

tM o c3 >^ 

j; cS i* btrr 

g J- -^5 bo 

2 o a) r- £ 
o3.H o « 



MARINE CORPS. 



Grade. 



COLONEL COMMANDANT 
LIEUTENANT COLONEL 

MAJORS 

CAPTAINS 

FIRST LIEUTENANTS 
SECOND LIEUTENANTS 



NAVY AGENTS 

TEMPORARY AGENTS 

NAVAL STOREKEEPERS 

CHIEF NAVAL CONSTRUCTOR - - - 

NAVAL CONSTRUCTORS 

VESSELS OF WAR 

* Three of these Captains are in the staff, as Paymaster, Quartermaster, and Adju- 
tant and Inspector, and receive pay as Majors, 
t Commissions not to exceed $2,000 per annum. 



Number in 


Pay per 


service. 


month. 


1 


$75 


1 


60 


4 


50 


*13 


40 


20 


30 


20 


25 


tio 




4 




9 




1 




4 





Rations pr. 
day,20cts. 



SECRETARY OF THE NAVY AND NAVY COMMISSIONERS. 



Name. 



Duty. 



Place of 
birth 



Where a 
Citizen. 



When 
appointed. 



Salary. 



James K. Paulding 

Isaac Chauncey 
Charles Morris 
Alx. S.Wadsworth 
C. W. Goldsborough 



Sec'y of the Navy. 

Pres. of the Board 

Commissioner - - 

Do. - . - 

Secretary 



N. York 

Conn. 
Conn. 
Maine 
Maryl'd. 



N. York 

N. York 
N. York 
Maine 
Maryl'd., 



1 July, 1S38 

5 June, I«33 
13 July, 1832 
17 May, 1837 
10 Nov. 1823 



$6,000 00 

3,500 00 
3,500 00 
3,500 00 
2,000 00 



NAVY DEPARTMENT. 



69 



Captains, in number, 55. 



Name. 



Date of present 
Commission. 



State where 
born. 



State of 
which a 
citizen. 



Duty or Station 
for 1840. 



James Barron - 22 May, 1799 Virginia 

Charles Stewart • 22 Apr. 1806 Penn. 

Isaac Hull - - • 23 do do Conn. 

Isaac Chauncey • 24 do do Conn. 

5 Jacob Jones - - 3 Mar. 1813 Delaware 

Charles Morris - 5 do do Conn. 

Lewis Warrington 22 Nov. 1814 Virginia 

William M. Crane 24 do do N. Jersey 

James Biddle - 28 Feb. 181-5 Penn. 

10 Charles G. Ridgiey do do Maryland 

JohnDownes - - 5 Mar. 1817 Mass. 

Jesse D. Elliott - 27 Mar. ISIS Maryland 

Stephen Cassin - 3 Mar. 1825 Penn. 

James Renshaw - do do Penn. 

15 Alx. S. Wadsworth do do Maine 

George C. Read - do do Ireland 

Henry E. Ballard do do Maryland 

David Deacon - - 24 Jan. 1826 N. Jersey 

Samuel Woodhouse 3 Mar. 1827 Penn. 

20 Edmund P. Kennedy 24 Apr. 1828 Maryland 

Alexander J. Dallas do do Penn. 

John B. Nicolson do do Virginia 

Jesse Wilkinson - 11 Mar. 1829 Virginia 

T. Ap Catesby Jones do do Virginia 

25 Wm.Compton Bolton 21 Feb. 1831 England 

William B. Shubrick do do S. Car. 

Alexander Claxton do do Penn. 

Charles W. Morgan do do Virginia 

Lawrence Kearney 20 Dec. 1832 N. Jersey 

30 Foxhall A. Parker 3 Mar. 1835 Virginia 

Edw. R. McCall - do do S. Car. 

Daniel Turner • do do N. York 

David Conner - do do Penn. 

John Gallagher - 22 Dec. do Maryland 

35 Tho. Holdup Stevens 27 Jan. 1836 S. Car. 

William M. Hunter 9 Feb. 1837 Penn. 

John D. Sloat - - do do N. York 

Matthew C. Perry do do R. Island 

Charles W. Skinner do do Maine 

40 John T. Newton do do Virginia 

Joseph Smith - - do do Mass. 

Lawrence Rousseau do do Louisiana 

George W. Storer do do N. Ham. 

Beverly Kennon - 9 Feb. 1837 Virginia 

45 Edward R. Shubrick do do S. Car. 

Francis H. Gregory 18 Jan. 1838 Conn. 

John H. Clack - 28 Feb. do Virginia 

P. F. Voorhees - do do N. Jersey 

Benjamin Cooper do do N. Jersey 

50 David Geisinger - 24 May do Maryland 

Robert F.Stockton 8 Dec. do N.Jersey 

Isaac McKeever - do do Penn. 

John P. Zantzinger 22 Dec. do Penn. 

Wm. D. Salter - 3 Mar. 1839 N. York 

55 Chs. S. M'Cauley 9 Dec. do Penn. 



Virginia 

N. Jersey 

Conn. 

N. York 

Delaware 

N. York 

Vii-ginia 

N. Jersey 

Penn. 

Maryland 

Mass. 

Penn. 

Dis. Col. 

Penn. 

Maine 

Penn. 

Maryland 

N. Jersey 

Penn. 

Virginia 

Peim. 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Dis. Col. 

S. Car. 

Penn. 

Virginia 

N. Jersey 

Virginia 

S. Car. 

R. Island 

Penn. 

Maryland 

S. Car. 

Penn. 

N. York 

N. York 

Virginia 

N. York 

Mass. 

Louisiana 

N. Ham. 

Virginia 

S. Car. 

Conn. 

Virginia 

N. Jersey 

N. York 

Maryland 

N. Jersey 

Penn. 

Penn. 

N. Jersey 

Penn. 



Waiting orders. 
Com't. Navy Yard , Phil. 
Com'g Med'n. Squadron 
President Navy Board. 
On leave. 

Comm'r. Navy Board. 
Com't. N. Y'd, Norfolk, 
do. N. Y. Portsmouth. 
Gov. Nav. Asylum, Phil. 
Ap. to Com.Brazil Squa. 
Com't. N. Yard, Boston. 
Waiting orders. 
Waiting orders. 
Com't. N.Yard, N.York. 
Comm'r. Navy Board. 
Com'g. E. India Squad. 
Com'g. N'l Station, Bait 
Waiting orders. 
Waiting orders. 
Waiting orders. 
Com't. N. Yd . Pensacola . 
Com'g. Brazilian Squad. 
Waiting orders. 
On leave. [wine. 

Com'g. Frigate Brandy- 
Com'g. W. I. Sqadron. 
Com'g. Pacific Squadron 
Waiting orders. 
Com'g. Frigate U. States 
Waiting orders. 
Waiting orders. 
Com'g. Fr. Constitution. 
Waiting orders. 
Com'g. Rec. ship at N.Y. 
Waiting orders. 
Waiting orders. 
Waiting orders. 
Com'g. S'm. Ship Fulton 
do. R'g. Ship at Norfolk. 
Waiting orders. 
Commanding Ohio, (74.) 
Waiting orders. 
Com'g. R'g. S. at Boston 
Com'g. Fr. Macedonian 
Waiting orders. 
Waiting orders. 
Com'g. sloop Lexington. 
Waiting orders. 
Waiting orders. 
Waiting orders. 
On special duty. 
Com'g. sloop Falmouth. 
Waiting orders. 
Waiting orders. 
Waiting orders. 



60 



NAVY DEPARTMENT. 



Commanders, in number, 55. 





Date of presentjState where 


State of 


Duty or Station 


Name. 


Commission. | 


born. 


which a for 1840. 






1 




citizen. 




Thos. M. Newell 


3 Mar. 


1 S3 1 'Georgia 


Georgia 


Waiting orders. 


Elie A. F. Vallette 


do 


do 


Virginia 


Penn. 


Com'g. R'd'zvous, Phil. 


William A. Spencer 


do 


do 


N. York 


N. York 


Com'g. Sloop Warren. 


Thomas T. Webb 


do 


do 


Virginia 


Virginia ' 


Com'g. R'vous, Norfolk. 


5 John Percival 


do 


do 


Mass. 


Mass. 


On his return from the 
comd. sip. Cyane, Medi. 


John H. Aulick - 


do 


do 


Virginia 


Virginia 


Navy Yard, Washingt'n. 


William V. Taylor 


do 


do 


R. Island 


R. Island 


Com'g. sloop Erie. 


Bladen Dulany 


do 


do 


Virginia 


Virginia 


Waiting orders. 


Silas H. Stringham 


do 


do 


N. York 


N. York 


Navy Yard, New York. 


10 Isaac Mayo - - 


20 Dec. 


1832 


Maryland 


Maryland 


Com'g U. S. s'r. Poinsett. 


William K. Latimer 


2 Mar. 


1833 


Maryland 


Maryland 


Com'g sloop Cyane. 
Waiting orders. 


William Mervine 


12 June, 


1834 


Penn. 


N. York 


Thomas Crabb 


3 Mar. 


1835 


Maryland 


Penn. 


Waiting orders. 


Edw. B. Babbit - 


do 


do 


Mass. 


Mass. 


Waiting orders. 


15 Thomas Paine 


do 


do 


R. Island 


Georgia 


Waiting orders. 


James Armstrong 


do 


do 


Kentucky 


Mass. 


Com'g.R'd'vous,Boston. 


Joseph Smoot 


do 


do 


Maryland 


Maryland 


Com'g. sloop Levant. 


Samuel L.Breese 


22 Dec. 


do 


N. York 


N. York 


Com'g. Rd'zvous Bait. 


Benjamin Page, Jr. 


do 


do 


England 


N. York 


Com'g. R'vous, N.York. 


20 John Gwinn - - 


9 Feb. 


1837 


Maryland 


Maryland 


Navy Yard Phila. 


Thos. W. Wyman 


do 


do 


Mass. 


Mass. 


Com'g. sl'p JohnAdams. 


Andrew Fitzhugh 


do 


do 


Virginia 


Virginia 


Waiting orders. 


Abrahams. Tea Eick 


do 


do 


N. Jersey 


N. Jersey 


Waiting orders. 


John White - - 


do 


do 


Mass. 


Mass. 


Waiting orders. 


25 Hiram Paulding - 


do 


do 


N. York 


N. York 


Waiting orders. 


Jona. D. Williamson 


do 


do 


N. Jersey 


N. Jersey 


Com'g.'sloop Ontario. 


Uriah P. Levy 


do 


do 


Penn- 


Penn. 


On leave. 


Charles Boarman 


do 


do 


Maryland 


Virginia 


Com'g. sloop Fairfield. 


French Forrest 


do 


do 


Maryland 


Dis. Col. 


Com'g. sloop St. Louis. 


30 Wm. J. Belt - - 


do 


do 


Maryland 


Maryland 


Com'g. sloop Marion. 


Wm. Jamesson - 


do 


do 


Virginia 


Virginia 


Waiting orders. 


Wm. Boerum - - 


do 


do 


N. York 


N. York 


Waiting orders. 


Chas. L. Williamson 


do 


do 


N. Jersey 


N. Jersey 


Waiting orders. 


Chas. Gauntt - - 


do 


do 


N. Jersey 


Penn. 


Waiting orders. 


35 William Ramsay 


do 


do 


Virginia 


Dis. Col. 


Waiting orders. 


Ralph Voorhees - 


do 


do 


N. Jersey 


N. Jersey 


Waiting orders. 


Henry Henry - - 


do 


do 


Maryland 


Penn. 


Waiting orders. 


Saml. W. Downing 


23 Sept. 


1837 


N. Jersey 


N. Jersey 


Waiting orders. 


Henry W. Ogden 


31 Jan. 


1S3S 


N. Jersey 


N. Jersey 


Waiting orders. 


40 Eben'r. Ridgway 


28 Feb. 


do 


Mass. 


N. Ham. 


Waitings orders. 


Thomas A. Conover 


do 


do 


N. Jersey 


N. Jersey 


Waiting orders. 


John C. Long 


do 


do 


N. Ham. 


N. Ham. 


N.Y'd,Portsmouth,N.H 


John H. Graham 


do 


do 


Vermont 


N. York 


Waiting orders. 


Jas. Mcintosh 


do 


do 


Georgia 


Georgia 


On leave. 


45 Josiah Tattnal 


do 


do 


Georgia 


Georgia 


Waiting orders. 


Hugh N. Page 


do 


do 


Virginia 


Virginia 


Navy Yard, Norfolk. 


Wm. Inman 


24 May, 


do 


N. York 


N. Jersey 


Waiting orders. 


Stephen Champlin 
Joel Abbot - - 


22 June, 


do 


R. Island 


Conn. 


Waiting orders. 


8 Dec. 


1838 


Mass. 


R. Island 


Navy Yard, Boston. 


.50 Lewis E. Simonds 


22 Dec. 


do 


Mass. 


Mass. 


Waiting orders. 


John M. Dale 


12 Feb. 


1839 


Penn. 


Penn. 


Waiting orders. 


H. H. Cocke - - 


3 Mar. 


do 


Virginia 


Virgmia 


Waiting orders. 


Wm. J. McCluney 


9 Dec. 


do 


Penn. 


Penn. 


Waiting orders. 


John B. Montgomery 


do 


do 


N. Jersey 


N. Jersey 


Waiting orders. 


55 Horace B. Sawyer 


do 


do 


Vermont 


Vermont 


Waiting orders. 



NAVY DEPARTMENT. 



m 



Vesssels of War of the United States. 



Name. 


Rate. 


Where built. 


When 
built. 


Situation. 


Where. 


SHIPS OF THE LINE. 


Guns. 










Franklin - - 


74 


Philadelphia 


1815 


[n ordinary 


^ew-York. 


Washington - 


74 


Portsmouth,N.H. 


1S16 


[n ordinary 


^ew-York. 


Columbus - - 


74 


Washington 


1819 


[n commission 


Rec'g ship at Boston. 


Ohio - - - 


SO 


Vew-York - - 


1820 


In commission 


Mediterranean. 


5 North Carolina 


SO 


Philadelphia 


1820 


In commission 


Rec'g ship at N.York 


Delaware - - 


SO 


Gosport, Virginia. 


1820 


In ordinary 


Norfolk. 


Alabama - - 


80 







On the stocks 


Portsmouth, N.H. 


Vermont . - 


80 






On the stocks 


Boston. 


Virginia - - 


80 






On the stocks 


Boston. 


10 Pennsylvania - 


120 






In ordinary 


Norfolk. 


New- York 

21 


80 
54 


Boston - • - 


1814 


On the stocks 
In commission 


Norfolk. 


Independence, 
(Razee.) 

Frigates, 1st Class. 


Coast of Brazil. 












United States 


44 


Philadelphia 


1797 


In commission 


New- York. 


Constitution - 


44 


Boston - - - 


1797 


In commission 


Pacific. 


15 Guerriere - - 


44 


Philadelphia 


1814 


In ordinary 


Norfolk. 


Java - - - 


44 


Baltimore - - 


1814 


In commission 


Rec'g ship atNorfolk 


Potomac - - 


44 


Washington 


1821 


In ordinary 


Norfolk. 


Brandywine 


44 


Washington 


1825 


In commission 


Mediterranean. 


Hudson - - 


44 


Purchased - - 


1826 


In ordinary 


New- York. 


20 Santee - - - 


44 






On the stocks 


Portsmouth, N. H. 


Cumberland 


44 






On the stocks 


Boston. 


Sabine - - - 


44 






On the stocks 


New- York. 


Savannah - - 


44 






On the stocks 


New- York. 


Raritan - - 


44 






On the stocks 


Philadelphia. 


25 Columbia - - 


44 


Washington 


1836 


In commission 


East Indies. 


St. Lawrence 

1 A 


44 






On the stocks 


Norfolk. 


Frigates, 2d Class. 




Constellation - 


36 


Baltimore - - 


1797 


In ordinary 


Boston. 


Macedonian - 


36 


Captured, 1S12, 








n 




rebuilt - - 


1836 


In commission 


West Indies. 


SLOOPS OF WAR. 






John Adams - 


20 


Charleston, S. C. 












1799, rebuilt - 


1S20 


In commission 


East Indies. 


30 Boston - - 


20 


Boston - - - 


1825 


In ordinary 


New York. 


Lexington - - 


20 


New- York - - 


1825 


In commission 


Pacific Ocean. 


Vincennes - - 


20 


New-York - - 


1826 


In commission 


Explor'g Expedition. 


Warren - - 


20 


Boston - - - 


1826 


In commission 


West Indies. 


Natchez - - 


20 


Norfolk - - - 


1827 


In ordinary 


New- York. 


35 Falmouth - - 


20 


Boston - - - 


1827 


In commission 


Pacific Ocean. 


Fairfield - - 


20 


New- York - - 


182S 


In commission 


Coast of Brazil. 


Vandalia - - 


20 


Philadelphia 


1828 


In ordinary 


Norfolk. 


St. Louis - - 


20 


Washington 


1S2S 


In commission 


Pacific. 


Concord - - 


20 


Portsmouth 


1828 


In ordinary 


Boston. 


40 Cyane - - - 


20 


Boston - - - 


1837 


In commission 


Mediterranean. 


Levant • - 


20 


New- York - - 


1837 


In commission 


West Indies. 


Erie - - - 


IS 


Bait. 1S13, rebuilt 












Norfolk - - 


1S20 


In commission 


West Indies. 


Ontario - - 


IS 


Baltimore - - 


1813 


In commission 


West Indies. 


Peacock - - 


18 


New- York - - 


1813 


In commission 


Explor'g Expedition. 


45 Decatur - - 


16 


New- York - - 


1839 


Prepar'g for sea 


New York. 


Prebble - - 


16 


Portsmouth, N.H 


1839 


Prepar'gforsea 


Portsmouth, N. H. 


Yorktown 


16 


Norfolk - - - 


1839 


Prepar'g for sea 


Norfolk. 


Marion - - - 


16 


Boston - - - 


1839 


In commission 


Coast of Brazil. 


Dale - - - 


16 


Philadelphia 


1S39 


Prepar'g for sea 


Norfolk. 



62 



NAVY DEPARTMENT. 



Vesssels of War — Continued. 



Name. 


Rate 


Where built. 


When 
built. 


Situation. 


Where. 


BRIGS. 


Guns 










50 Dolphia - - 


10 


New- York - - 


1836 


In commission 


Coast of Brazil. 


Porpoise - - 


10 


Boston - - - 


1836 


In commission 


Explor'g Expedition. 
Raltimore. 


Pioneer - - 




Boston • - - 


1836 


Receiv'g vessel 


Consort - - 

1 




Boston ... 


1836 


In commission 


Survey of Southern 
Harbors. 












SCHOONERS. 












Grampus - - 


10 


Washington 


1821 


In commission 


Coast of Africa. 


55 Shark - - - 


10 


Washington 


1821 


In commission 


Pacific. 


Enterprise - - 


10 


New. York . . 


1831 


In commission 


New- York. 


Boxer - - - 


10 


Boston - . - 


1831 


In commission 


Pacific Ocean. 


Experiment 


4 


Washington 


1831 


In commission 


Rec'g vessel, Phila. 


Flirt - - - 




TransPd from the 

WarDept. 
TransPd from the 

WarDept. 
Transf'd from the 

War Dept. 




In commission 


Coast of Florida. 


60 Wave - - - 






In commission 


Coast of Florida. 


Otsego . - - 

Sea Gull ) 
Flying Fish S 

S 






In commission 


Coast of Florida. 




Purchased in 1838 




.... 


Tenders to the Ex- 
ploring expedition. 


Steam ship Ful- 
ton - . . 




New- York - - 


1837 


In commission 


Atlantic coast. 


Steamer Poinsett 


4 


TransPd from the 
War Dept. 

Philadelphia 




In commission 


Norfolk, Va. 


65 ShipRelief(store 
ship) - - 




1S36 


[n commission 


Bxplor'g Expedition. 


Sea Steamer - 




Building at Phila. 




Sea Steamer - 




Build'gatN.York 









Rank and Command. 

Commission Officers of the Navy of the United States are divided into the following 
rank and denominations : Commodores, commanding squadrons. Captains, commanding 
frigates and vessels of 20 guns. Masters Commandant, commanding sloops — Lieuten- 
ants. 

Commodores are to wear their broad pendants at all times on board the ship they 
command. 

The order of precedence and command m a ship is as follows : 1. Captain or Com- 
mander. 2. Lieutenants, agreeably to the date or number of their commissions. 3. 
Masters. 4. Master's Mate. 5. Boatswain. C. Gunnner. 7. Carpenter. 8. Mid- 
shipmen. 

Salutes. — When the President shall visit a ship of the United States Navy, he is to 
be saluted with 21 guns. Vice President, 19 guns. Heads of Departments, Governors 
of states and territories, and Foreign Ministers, 17 guns. Major Generals, 15 guns. 
Brigadier Generals, 13 guns. 

The Fourth of July, and the anniversary of Washington's birth day are to be cele- 
brated by salutes of 17 guns. 

United States' slups of war are not to strike their topsails, nor take in their flags, in 
any part of the world, to any foreign ship or ships, unless such foreign ship or ships 
shall have first struck, or shall at the same time strike their flags and topsails to the 
ships of the United States ; nor are they within the limits and jurisdiction of the Uni- 
ted States, to salute any foreign ships whatever. 

Commanders rank with Brigadier Generals. Masters Commandant rank with Ma- 
jors. Lieutenant in the navy rank with Captains in the army. 



UNITED STATES ARMY. 



According to Official Reports, the United States Regular Army in January, 1840; 
amounted to 12,577. The principal organization is as follows : 



General Staff 
Medical Department 
Pay Department 
Purchasing Department 
Corps of Engineers 



Major General 
Brigadier Generals 
Adjutant General 
Colonels 



Corps of Topographical Engineers 
Ordnance Department 
Two Regiments of Dragoons 
Four Regiments of Artillery 
Eight Regiments of Infantry 



Total 
The principal Officers are. 



1 I Lieutenant Colonels 

2 Majors - 
1 Captains 

17 First Lieutenants 



36 

322 

1,498 

3,020 

7,496 

12,577 



18 
26 
172 

208 



The total non-commisioned officers, musicians and privates are 11,804. 

There are two great Military Divisions, divided by a line commencing at the mouth 
of the Mississippi — following up the river to Cassville, in Wisconsin Territory, thence 
north to the boundary line between the United States and Canada. All west of that 
line is called the Western Division, all east of it the Eastern Division. 

The total number of the militia of the United states is about 1,400,000. The militia 
comprises all able-bodied white males from IS to 45 ; and when called into actual ser- 
vice, they receive the same pay as the regular army. 



POST OFFICE. 



The following table exhibits the general condition of the Post Office Department, at 
different periods from 1790 to 1839, inclusive. 



■^ 


No. of 


Rec'ts, being 




Balance in 


Balance 


Extent of 


Miles annual 


nJ 


Post- 


total am't of 


Total ex- 


favor of de- 


igainst de- 


Post Roads 


mail transport- 


>- 


Offices 


postage. 


penditures. 


partment. 


partment. 


in miles. 


ation. 


1790 


75 


$ 37,935 


$32,140 


$ 5,795 




1,875 


9,375 


1800 


903 


280,804 


213,994 


66,810 




20,817 


3,057,964 


1810 


2,300 


551,684 


495,969 


55,715 




36,406 


4,694,000 


1820 


4,500 


1,111,927 


1,160,926 




$ 48,999 


72,492 


8,800,000 


1830 


8,450 


1,919,300 


1,959,109 




39,809 


115,176 


14,500,000 


1835 


10,770 


2,993,556 


2,763,041 


230,515 




112,774 


25,869,486 


1836 


11,091 


3,408,323 


2,841,766 


556,5571 


118,264 


27,578,620 


1837 


11,767 


4,100,605 


3,532,163 


568,442: 


141,242 


32,597,006 


1838 


12,519 


4,235,077 


4,621,837 


1 368,759 


134,818 


34,580,202 


1839 


12,780 


4,476,638 


4,624,117 


1 147,479 


133,999 


34,496,878 



The extent of mail transportation stated in the above table, is exclusive of the dis- 
tance it is carried by steam boats and other vessels. The business is conducted in the 
Post Master General's office, by himself, his three assistants, and fifty-six clerks and 
messengers, whose aggregate salaries amount to $79,000. And in the Auditor's office, 
by himself and fifty-two clerks and messengers, whose aggregate salaries amount to 
64,980. The communications received in the different offices, excluding the Auditor's 
office, amount to a daily average of about 900 for the working days, equal to 281 ,700 a 
year ; the communications sent, to about 500 daily, equal to 156,500 a year ; and the 
cases actually decided by the Post Master General, to 50 daily, equal to 15,650 a year. 



64 



VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS STATISTICS OF THE PRESS. 



Value of Foreign Coin in money of the United States. 



Countries. 


Gold Coins. 


Value in 
dollars. 


Silver Coins. 


Value in 
dollars. 


Austria - - 


Sovereign - - 


3 33 


Rix dollar - - - 






Ducat - - - 


2 29 


do Convention 


95 


Belgium • - 


William - - 


3 10 


Ducatoon - - - 
Florm 1816 - • 


1 19 

40 


Bengal - - 


Gold mohur - 


S 16 


Sicca Rupee - - 


47 


Bremen - - 


Ducats - - 


2 25 


Rix dollar specie 


1 06 


Brazil - - - 






Pataca 1801 


lOk 


Denmark - • 


Ducats specie 


2 25 


Rix dollar - - • 
Rix Bank dollar - 


1 044 
52J 


England • - 


Guinea - • 
Sovereign - - 


5 09 

4 86i 


Crown, new - - 


1 OSJ 


France - • 


Louis - - - 


3 85 


Five franc p. - - 


92* 


Geneva - - 


Genovina - - 


15 40 


Scudo 1796 


1 23 


Hamburg - - 


Ducat - - - 


2 26 


Rix dollar - - - 


1 07 


Holland - - 


Ducat - - • 
Ryder - - - 


2 29 
6 04 


Gilder or florin 


391 


Madras 


Star Pagoda - 


1 79 


Rupee 1818 - . 


44^ 


Naples - - 


Oncetta - - 


2 50 


Ducat 1818 - . 


79i 


Portugal - - 


Half Johannes 


4 36 


Crusado 1809 - - 


53i 


Prussia - • 


Frederick 


3 97 


Rix dollar convention 


964 


Russia - - 


Imperial - - 


7 82 


Ruble 1802 


734 


Sardinia - - 


Carlino - - 


9 44 


Scudo .... 


874 


Sicily - - ■ 


Ounce 1751 - 


2 50 


Scudo .... 


93* 


Spain - - • 


Doubloon - - 


16 47 








Pistole 1801 . 


3 88 


Dollar .... 


99* 


Sweden - - 


Ducat - - - 


2 22 


Rix dollar - - - 


1 04? 


Tuscany - • 


Rusp ne - - 


6 91 








Sequin - - 


2 29 


Francesco Leopoldoni 


1 04 


Turkey - • 


Sequin fonducli 


1 82 


Piaster 1818 - - 


18 


Venice - - 


Sequin - - 


2 29 


Ducat .... 


754 




Ducat - - - 


1 43 







Statistics of the Press. 

Number of newspapers, magazines, and periodicals, published in the United States on 
the 1st of July, 1839. 



Maine .... 

New-Hampshire 

Vermont . . - - 

Massachusetts (at Boston 65) 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New.York (at New.York city 

New.Jersey ... 

Pennsylvania (at Philadelphia 

Delaware 

Maryland (at Baltimore 20) 

District Columbia (at Washing' 

Virginia (at Richmond 10) 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 



71) 



71) 



ton 1 



41 

26 
31 

124 
14 
31 

274 
39 

253 
3 
48 
16 
52 
30 
20 



Georgia 

Florida Territory 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana (at New Orleans 

Arkansas 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

Ohio at (Cincinnati 27) 

Michigan 

Wisconsin Territory 

Iowa Territory 

Indiana ... 

Illinois ... 

Missouri 



10) 



33 

9 

34 

36 

26 

4 

50 

31 

164 

31 

5 

3 

69 

33 

25 



1555 



Of the above, 116 are published daily ; 14 tri-weekly ; 39 semi-weekly ; 991 once a 
week. The remainder are issued semi-monthly, monthly and quarterly — principally 
magazines and reviews. Many of the daily papers issue tri.weeklies, semi-weeklies, 
and weeklies. Thirty-eight are in the German language, four in the French, and one in 
the Spanish. Several of the New Orleans papers are printed in French and English. 

Hunt's Magazine. 



65 



PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE AND JUDICIARY OFFICERS, FOREIGN MINISTERS, 
fee, OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH DATES OF 
APPOINTMENT, SALARIES, AND PLACES OF RESIDENCE. 



Presidents. Salary, $25,000. 

George Washington, (Va.,) 1789 to 1797. 
John Adams, (Mass.,) 1797 to 1801. 

Thomas Jefferson, (Va.,) 1801 to 1809. 

James Madison, (Va.,) 1809 to 1817. 

James Monroe, (Va.,) 1817 to 1825. 

John Quincy Adams, (Mass.,) 1825 to 1829. 

Andrew Jackson, (Tenn.,) 1829 to 1837. 

Martin Van Buren, (N. Y.,) 1837 to 



Vice Presidents. Salary, $5,000. 

John AdamSj (Mass.) 

Thomas Jenerson, (Va.) 

S Aaron Burr, (N. Y.) 

i George Clinton, (N. Y.) 

S George Clinton, (N. Y.) 

I Elbridge Gerry, (Mass.) 
Daniel D. Tompkins, (N. Y.) 
John C. Calhoun, (S. C.) 

S John C. Calhoun, (S. C.) 

1 Martin Van Buren, (N. Y.) 
Richard M. Johnson, (Kv.) 



Secretaries of State. Salary, $6,000. 



Thomas Jefferson, (Va.,) Sept. 26, 1789. 
Edmund Randolph, (Va.,) Jan. 2, 1794. 
Timothy Pickering, (Pa.,) Dec. 10, 1795. 
Jolm Marshall, (Va.,) May 13, 1800. 
James Madison, (Va.,) Mar. 5, 1801. 
Robert Smith, (Md.,) Mar. 6, 1809. 



James Monroe, (Va.,) Nov. 25, 1811. 
John Q. Adams, (Mass.,) Mar. 5, 1817. 
Henry Clay, (Ky.,) Mar. 8, 1825. 
Martin Van Buren, (N. Y.,) Mar. 6, 1821 
Edward Livingston, (La.,) 1831. 
Louis McLane, (Del.,) 1833. 
John Forsyth, (Ga.,) 1834. 



Secretaries of the Treasury. Salary, $6,000. 



Ale.x. Hamilton, (N. Y.,) Sept. 11, 1789. 
Oliver Wolcott, (Conn.,) Feb. 3, 1795. 
Samuel Dexter, (Mass.,) Dec. 31, 1800. 
Albert Gallatin, (Pa.,) Jan. 26, 1802. 
G. W. Campbell, (Tenn.,) Feb. 9, 1814. 
Ale.x. J. Dallas, (Pa.,) Oct. 6, 1814. 
W. H. Crawford, (Ga.,) Mar. 5, 1817. 



Richard Rush, (Pa.,) Mar. 7, 1825. 
S. D. Ingham, (Pa.,) Mar. 6, 1829. 
Louis McLane, (Del.,) 1831. 
William J. Duane, (Pa.,) 1833. 
Roger B. Taney, (Md.,) 1833, (uot con- 
firmed by the Senate. 
Levi Woodbury, (N. H.,) 1834. 



Secretaries of War. Salary, $6,000. 



Henry Kno.x, (Mass.,) Sept. 12, 1789. 
T. Pickering, (Pa.,) Jan. 2, 1795. 
James McHenry, (Md.,) Jan. 27, 1796. 
Samuel Dexter, (Mass.,) May 13, 1800. 
R. Griswold, (Conn.,) Feb. 3, 1801. 
H. Dearborn, (Mass.,) Mar. 5, 1801. 
William Eustis, (Mass.,) Mar. 7, 1809. 
J. Armstrong, (N. Y.,) Jan. 13, 1813. 
James Monroe, (Va.,) Sept. 27, 1814. 



W. H. Crawford, (Ga.,) Mar. 2, 1815. 
Isaac Shelby, (Ky.,) Mar. 5, 1817, (declined 

the appointment. 
J. C. Calhoun, (S. C.,) Dec. 16, 1817. 
James Barbour, (Va.,) Mar. 7. 1825. 
P. B. Porter, (N. Y.,) May 26, 1828. 
J. H. Eaton, (Tenn.,) March 9, 1829. 
Lewis Cass, (Mich.,) 1831. 
Joel R. Poinsett, (S. C.,) 1837. 



Secretaries of the Navy. Salary, $6,000. 

[The Navy Department was not established until the year 1798.] 

George Cabot, (Mass.,) May 3, 1798, (de- Benjamin W. Crowninshield, (Mass.,) Deo. 



clined.) 

Benjamin Stoddart, (Md.,) May 21, 1798 
Jacob Crowninshield. 
Benjamin Stoddart, (continued in office.) 
Robert Smith, (Md.,) Jan. 26, 1802. 
Piul Hamilton, (S. C.,) Mar. 7, 1809. 
William Jones, (Pa.,) Jan. 12, 1813. 



19, 1814. 

S. Thompson, (N. Y.,) Nov. 30, 1818. 
S. L. Southard, (N. J.,) Dec. 9, 1823. 
John Branch, (N. C.,) Mar. 9, 1829. 
Levi Woodbury, (N. H.,) 1831 
Mahlon Dickerson, (N. J.,) 1834. 
J. K. Pauldmg, (N. Y.,) 1838. 



66 

Post-Masters General. Salary, $6,000. 



S.Osgood, (Mass.,) Sept. 26, 1789. 
T. Pickering, (Pa.,) Nov. 7, 1794. 
Joseph Habersham, (Ga.,) 1791 to 1802. 
Gideon Granger, (Conn.,) 1802 to 1814. 



R. J. Meigs, (Ohio,) 1814 to 1823. 
John McLean, (Ohio,) 1823 to 1829. 
William T. Barry, (Ky.,) Mar. 5, 1829 
Amos Kendall, (Ky.,) May 1, 1835. 
John M. Niles, (Ct.) May, 1840. 



Chief Justices. Salary, $5,000. 



John Jay, (N. Y.,) Sept. 26, 1789. 
John Rutledge, (S. C.,) July 1, 1795, 

(not confirmed by the Senate. 
William Gushing, (Mass.,) Jan. 27, 1796. 
O. Ellsworth, (Conn.,) Mar. 4, 1796. 



John Marshall, (Va.,) Jan. 27, 1801. 
Roger B. Taney, (Md.) Judge Taney was 

nominated 28th Dec, 1835, confirmed by 

the Senate, March 15, 1836. 



Associate Justices, Salary, $4,500. 



J. Rutledge, (S. C.,) Sept. 26, 1789. 
W. Gushing, (Mass.,) Sept. 26, 1789. 
R. H. Harrison, (Md.,) Sept. 26, 1789. 
James Wilson, (Pa.,) Sept. 26, 1789. 
John Blair, (Va.,) Sept. 26, 1789. 
James Iredell, (N. C.,) Feb. 10, 1790. 
Thomas Johnson, (Md.,) Nov. 7, 1791. 
W. Patterson, (N. J.,) Mar. 4, 1793. 
Samuel Chase, (Md.,) Jan. 27, 1796. 
Bushrod Washington, (Va.,) Dec. 20, 1789. 
William Johnson, (S. C.,) Mar. 24, 1804. 
Brockholst Livingston, (N. Y.,) Dec. 17, 

1806. 
Thomas Todd, (Va.,) March 2, 1807. 



Levi Lincoln, (Mass.,) Jan. 3, 1811, (de- 
clined the appointment.) 
John Q. Adams, (Mass.,) Feb. 22, 1811, 

(declined the appointment.) 
Gabriel Duvall, (Md.,) Nov. 18, 1811. 
.Joseph Story, Mass., Nov. 18, 1811. 
S. Thompsom, N. Y., Dec. 9, 1833. 
Robert Trimble, Ky., May 9, 1826. 
John McLean, Ohio, Mar. 7, 1829. 
Henry Baldw^in, Pa., Jan. 6, 1830. 
J. M. WajTie, Ga., Jan. 7, 1835. 
P. P. Barbour, Va., Mar. 16, 1836. 
John McKinley, Ala., 1837. 
John Catron, Tenn., 1837. 



Attorneys General. Salary, $3,500. 



E. Randolph, Va., Sept. 26, 1789. 
Wm. Bradford, Pa., Jan. 27, 1794. 
Charles Lee, Va., Dec. 10, 1795. 
Levi Lincoln, Mass., Mar. 5, 1801. 
J. Breckenridge, Ky., Dec. 23, 1805. 
C. A. Rodney, Del., Jan. 20, 1807. 
Wm. Pmckney, Md., Dec. 11, 1811. 



Richard Rush, Pa., Feb. 10, 1814. 
Wm. Wirt, Va., Dec. 16, 1817. 
J. McP. Berrien, Ga., Mar. 9, 1829. 
Roger B. Taney, Md., 1831. 
Benj. F. Butler, N. Y., 1833. 
Felix Grundy, Tenn., 1838. 
H. D. Gilpin, Pa., 1840. 



Speakers of House of Representatives. 



F. A. Muhlenberg, Pa., 1st Congress, 1789. 
Joua. Trumbull, Conn., 2d Con., 1791. 
F. A. Muhlenberg, Pa., 3d Con., 1793. 
lona. Dayton, N. J., 4th Con., 1795. 
Tona. Dayton, N. J., 5th Con., 1797. 
Theo. Sedgewick, Mass., 6th Con., 1799. 
N. Macon, N. C, 7th Con., 1801. 
J. B. Varnum, Mass., 8th Con., 1803. 
N. Macon, N. C, 9th Con., 1805. 
J. B. Varnum, Mass., 10th Con., 1807. 
J. B. Varnum, Mass., 11th Con., 1809. 
Henry Clay, Ky., 12th Con., 1811. 
Henry Clay, Ky., 13th Con., 1813. 
L. Cheves, S. C, 13th Con., 1814. 
Henry Clay, Ky,, 14th Con., 1815. 
Henry Clay, Ky., 15th Con., 1817. 



Henry Clay, Ky., 16th Con., 1819. 
J. W. Taylor, N. Y., 16th Con., 1820. 
P. P. Barbour, Va., 17th Con., 1821. 
Henry Clay, Ky., 18th Con., 1823. 
J. W. Taylor, N. Y., I9th Con., 1825. 
J. W. Taylor, N. Y., 20th Con., 1827. 
A. Stevenson, Va., 20th Con., 1828. 
A. Stevenson, Va., 21st Con., 1829. 
A. Stevenson, Va., 22d Con., 1831. 

A. Stevenson, Va., ) coa f 

John Bell, TJnn., \ 23d Con. 
James K. Polk, Tenn., 24th Con., 1835. 
James K. Polk, Tenn., 25th Con., 1837. 
James K. Polk, Tenn., 2.5th Con., 1838. 
Robert M. T. Hunter, Va., 26th Con., 1839, 



MINISTERS TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Salary, $9,000. Ovteit, $9,000. 

Envoys and Ministers Plenipotentiary. 

Thomas Pinckney, S. C, to England, Jan. 12, 1792. 
Gouvemeur Morris, N. Y., to France, Jan. 12, 1792. 
John Jay, N. Y., to England, April 19, 1794. 



67 

James Monro*, Va., to France, May 28, 1794. 
Thomas Pinckney, S. C, to Spam, Nov. 24, 1794. 
Rufus King, N. Y., to England, May 20, 1796. 
David Humphreys, Conn., to Spain, May 20, 1796. 
John Q. Adams, Mass., to Portugal, May 30, 1796. 
Charles C. Pinckney, S. C, to France, Sept. 9, 1796. 

Ministers Resident. 

William V. Murray, Md., to the Netherlands, March 2, 1797. 
David Humphreys, Conn., to Portugal, Feb. 21, 1791. 
William Short, Va., to the Netherlands, Jan. 16, 1792. 
William Short, Va., to Spain, May 28, 1794. 
John Q. Adams, Mass., to the Netherlands, May 30, 1794. 

Envoys and Ministers Plenipotentiary. 

Charles C. Pinckney, S. C, to France, June 5, 1797. 

Elbridge Gerry, Mass., to France, June 5, 1797. 

John Marshall, Va., to France, June 5, 1797. 

Oliver Ellsworth, Conn., to France, Feb. 26, 1799. 

Patrick Henry, Va., to France, Feb. 26, 1799. 

William V. Murray, Md., to France, Feb. 26, 1799. 

James Monroe, Va., to Great Britain, April 18, 1803. 

William Pinckney, Md., to Great Britain, May 12, 1806. 

James Monroe, Va., to Great Britain, May 12, 1806. 

William Pmcknev, Md., to Great Britain, Feb. 26, 1808. 

Robert R. Livingston, N. Y., to France, Oct. 2, 1801. 

John Armstrong, N. Y., to France, June 30, 1804. 

John Q. Adams, Mass., to Great Britain, Feb. 28, 1815. 

Joel Barlow, Conn., to France, Feb. 27, 1811. 

William H. Crawford, Ga., to France, April 9, 1813. 

Albert Gallatin, Pa., to France, Feb. 28, 1815. 

George W. Erving, Mass., to Spain, Aug. 10, 1814. 

William Eustis, Mass., to the Netherlands, Dec. 10, 1814. 

Thomas Sumpter, S. C, to Portugal, [in Brazil] Mar. 7, 1809. 

John Q. Adams, Mass., to Russia, June 27, 1809. 

James A. Bayard, Del., to Russia, Feb. 28, 1815. 

William Pinckney, Md., to Russia, April 26, 1815. 

Richard Rush, Pa., to Great Britain, Dec. 6, 1817. 

James Brown, La., to France, Dec. 9, 1823. 

John Forsyth, Ga., to Spain, Feb. 16, 1819. 

Hugh Nelson, Va., to Spain, Jan. 15, 1823. 

John Graham, Va., to Portugal, [in Brazil] Jan. 6, 1819. 

Henry Dearborn, sen., N. H., to Portugal, May 7, 1822. 

H. Clay, Ky., to Prussia, Special Commissioner to conclude a Treaty, 1823. 

George W. Campbell, Temi.,to Russia, April 16, 1818. 

Henry Middleton, S. C, to Russia, April 6, 1820. 

Richard C. Anderson, Va., to Colombia, Jan. 27, 1823. 

Caesar A. Rodney, Del., to Buenos Ayres, Jan. 27, 1823. 

Heman Allen, Vt., to Chili, Jan. 27, 1823. 

Rufus King, N. Y., to England, May 5, 1825. 

Albert Gallatin, Pa., to England, May 10, 1826. 

James Barbour, Va., to England, May 23, 1828. 

Alexander H. Everett, Mass., to Spain, Mar. 9, 1825. 

Albert Gallatin, Pa., ) Agents upon the Umpirage relating to the North Eastern Bound- 

Wm. P. Preble, Me., \ ary of the United States, May 9, 1828. 

William H. Harrison, to Colombia, May 24, 1828. 

John W. Forbes, Fa., to Buenos Ayres, Mar. 9, 1825. 

Joel R. Poinsett, S. C, to Mexico, Mar. 8, 1825. 

Richard C. Anderson, Va., ) To the Assembly of American Nations, proposed to be held 

John Sergeant, Pa., \ at Panama, Mar. 14, 1826. 

Joel R. Poinsett, S. C, to the same Assembly, Feb. 12, 1827. 

Condy Raguet, Pa., to Brazil, Mar. 9, 1825. 

William Tudor, Mass., to Brazil, Dec. 27, 1827. 

William Miller, N. C, to tJuatemala, Mar. 7, 1825. 

John Williams, Tenn., to Guatemala, Dec. 9, 1825. 

Louis McLane, Del., to Great Britain, 1829. 

William C. Rives, to France, 1829. 

William Pitt Preble, to the Netherlands, 1829. 

Cornelius P. Van Ness, to Spain, 1829. 

Thomas P. Moore, to the Republic of Colombia, 1829. 

John Randolph, Va., to Russia, 1831. 

Edward Livingston, La., to France, 1833. 

William Wilkins, Pa., to Russia, 1834. 

Andrew Stevenson, Va., to England, 1836. 



68 

James Buchanan, Pa., lo Russia, 1831. 

Martin Van Buren, N. Y., to Great Britain, 1831, (not confirmed by the Senate.) 

Anthony Butler, N. Y., to Mexico, 1829. 

Emanuel J. West, 111., to Peru, 1829. 

Ethan A. Brown, Ohio, to Brazil, 1829. 

John Hamm, Ohio, to Chili, 1829. 

William T. Barry, Ky., to Spain, 1835. 

John H. Eaton, Tenn., lo Spain, 1835. 

Lewis Cass, Mich., France, 1836. 

William T. Barry, Ky., to Spam, 1835. 

John H. Eaton, Tenn., to Spain, 1836. 

George M. Dallas, Pa., Russia, 1837. 

Henry Wheaton, R. I., to Prussia, 1837. 

Powhatan Ellis, Miss., to Mexico, 1837. 

H. A. Muhlenberg, Pa., to Austria, 1838. 

David Porter, Md., to Turkey, 1839. (Salary, $6,000.) 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Maine, 

New-Hampshire, 

Vermont, 

Massachusetts, 

Rhode-Island, 

Connecticut, 

New- York, 

New-Jersey, 

Pennsylvania, 

Delaware, 

Maryland, 

Dist. of Columbia 

Virginia, 

N. Carolina, 

S. Carolina, 

Georgia, 

Florida, 

Alabama. 

Mississippi, 

Louisiana, 

Ohio, 

Kentucky, 

Tennessee, 

Michigan, 

Indiana, 

Illinois, 

Missoui'i, 

Arkansas, 

Total, 



Population, 
1330. 



.Slaves, 
1830. 



399,955 
269,328 
280,652 
610,408 

97,199 

297,665 

1,918,608 

320,823 

1,348,233 

76,748 
447,040 

39,834 

1,211,405 

737,987 

581,185 

516,823 

34,730 
309,527 
136,621 
215,739 
937,903 
687,917 
681,903 

31,639 
343,031 
157,455 
140,445 

30,388 



12,866,020 2,009,618 



17 

25 

75 

2,254 

403 

3,292 

102,994 

6,119 

469,757 

245,601 

315,401 

217,531 

15,501 

117,549 

65,659 

109,588 

165,213 

141,603 

32 

*747 

25,081 

4,576 



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75 
62 
40 
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29 
36 
41 
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18 
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73 



QUALIFICATIONS OF GOVERNORS, SENATORS, REPRE- 
SENTATIVES, AND VOTERS, AND MANNER OF APPOINT- 
ING JUDGES, IN THE SEVERAL STATES. 

MAINE. — Governor — A native citizen of the United States, five 
years a citizen of the State, and thirty years of age. Senators — Five 
years a citizen of the United States, one year of this State, and 25 
years of age. Represe?iiaiives — ^A citizen of the United States five 
years, and an inhabitant of this State one year, and 21 years of age. 
Electors, or Voters — Residence in the State three months preceding 
any election. Paupers excepted. Judges are appointed by the 
governor, by and with the consent of his council, and hold office 
during good behavior, but not beyond the age of seventy years. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. — Governor — A citizen of the State seven 
years, owning an estate of 500 pounds, (one half a freehold) and 
thirty years of age. Senators — A resident of this State seven years, 
owning a freehold estate worth j£200, in the State, and thirty years 
of age. Representatives — Two yeai's an inhabitant of this State, and 
owning an estate worth £100, one half of which must be a freehold. 
Electors, or Voters — Twenty-one years of age, and paying taxes. 
Judges are appointed by the governor and council, and hold office 
during good behavior, but not beyond the age of seventy years. 

VERSIONT. — Governor — A citizen of the State four years. 
Senators — A qualified voter, and 30 years of age. Representatives — 
Persons most noted for wisdom and virtue, and who have resided in 
the State two years. Electors, or Voters — One year's residence in 
the State, of a quiet and peaceable disposition, and will vote as he 
shall judge to conduce to the best interests of the State. Judges 
are appointed by the house of representatives, in conjunction with 
the council, annually. 

MASSACHUSETTS. — Governor — A citizen of the State seven 
years, owning an estate of 1000 pounds, and of the Christian religion. 
Senators — Five years a citizen of the State, owning a freehold of the 
value of j£300, or rateable estate of the value of £600. Representa- 
tives — A citizen of the State one year and owning a freehold of the 
value of £100, or a rateable estate worth £200. Electors, or Voters — 
One year's residence in the State, and have paid a State or county 
tax, and six months in county before election. Judges are nomina- 
ted by the governor, and appointed by him, by and with consent of 
his council during good behavior. 

RHODE ISLAND. — Governor — Must be a native citizen and free- 
man. Senators — Must be a native and resident of the district where 
he is chosen, and a duly qualified freeman. Representatives — Must 
be a freeman, and resident of the town which he represents. Elec- 
tors, or Voters — Must be a resident of the State three months, and 
own a freehold of $134. Judges are chosen by the legislature for 
one year. 

CONNECTICUT. — Governor — An elector and thirty years of age. 
Senators — Any person who has a right to vote, is eligible to a seat 
in the senate. Representatives — Any person who is an elector is 
eligible as a representative. Electors, or Voters — Must have gained 



74 



a settlement in the State, own a freehold of $7 per annum, or have 
done military duty, paid a State tax, and taken the prescribed oath. 
.hidges are appointed by the legislature, and hold office during good 
behavior, but not beyond the age of seventy years. 

NEW YORK. — Governor — A native citizen of the United States, 
five years of this State, a freeholder, and thirty years of age. 
Senators — A qualified elector, and a freeholder. Representatives — 
The constitution of this State is silent as to any qualifications re- 
quired of representatives. Electors^ or Voters — A male citizen, of 
the age of 21 years, an inhabitant of the State for the last year, and 
a resident of the county for ths last six months ; a colored man 
must own a freehold of $250, have paid taxes thereon, and been 
three years a citizen. Judges are nominated by the governor, and 
appointed by him, by and with the consent of the senate, and hold 
office, during good behavior, or until the age of sixty years. Inferior 
judges five years. 

NEW JERSEY. — Governor — Some fit person within the State. 
Senators — The council in the legislature of this state supply the 
place of a senate. Representatives — One year a citizen of this state, 
and worth j£500, proclamation money, in real and personal property. 
Electors, or Voters — A citizen of this State, one year, and paid a 
tax. Judges are appointed by the legislature for seven years. 
Judges of common pleas for five years. 

PENNSYLVANIA. — Governor — A citizen of the State seven years, 
and thirty years of age. Senators — A citizen of the State four years, 
and for the last year of the district for which he is chosen, and 25 
years of age. Representatives — A citizen of the State three years, 
and for the last year of the city or county for which he shall be 
chosen. Electors, or Voters — A citizen of the State two years, paid 
a State or county tax. The sons of persons so qualified, between 
the ages of 21 and 22, may vote although they have paid no tax. 
Judges are appointed by the governor, judges of Supreme court for 
15 years, presidents of courts of common pleas 10 years, associate 
judges 7 years. 

DELAWARE. — Governor — A citizen of the United States twelve 
years, and the last six of this State, and thirty-six years of age. 
Senators — Three years a citizen of the State, and own a freehold of 
200 acres, or 1000 pounds in real and personal property, and 27 
years of age. Representatives — A citizen of the State three years, 
and 24 years of age. Electors, or Voters — A citizen of the state one 
year, and paid a State or county tax. The sons of persons so qual- 
ified, between the ages of 21 and 22 years, may vote, although they 
have paid no tax. Judges are appointed by the governor, and hold 
office during good behavior. 

MARYLAND. — Governor — A resident of the State above five 
years, and above twenty-five years of age. Senators — Men of the 
most wisdom, experience and virtue, who have resided in the State 
three years and 25 years of age. Representatives — The most wise, 
sensible, and discreet of the people, who have resided in the county 
for which they shall be chosen one year. Electors, or Voters — One 
year's residence in the State preceding election, and six months in 
the county. Judges are appointed by the governor, by and with the 
consent of the senate and hold office during good behavior. 



75 

VIRGINIA. — Governor — A native citizen of the United States, and 
of the State for five years, and thirty years of age, ineligible for 
three years after first term. Senators — A resident and freehol }er 
in the district for which he is chosen, and thirty years of uge. 
Representatives — A resident and freeholder in the county for wnich 
he shall be chosen and twenty-five years of age. Eledots, or 
Voters — Own a freehold of the value of $25, or having been a house- 
keeper one year, and been assessed. Some other small qualifica- 
tions are required of those who have no freehold, but they amount 
to almost universal suffrage. Judges are appointed by the h gisla- 
ture and hold office during good behavior. 

NORTH CAROLINA.— Gorer«or— A resident of the State five 
years, owning a freehold in the State above the value of 1000 pounds, 
and thirty years of age. Senators — One year a citizen of the county 
for which he is chosen, and owning 300 acres of land. Representa- 
tives—One year a citizen of the county in which he may be chosen, 
owning 100 acres of land in fee, or for the term of his life. Electors^ 
or Voters — A citizen of the State 1 year, who has paid taxes may 
vote for the members of the house of commons, but must own 50 
acres of land to vote for a senator. Judges are appointed by the 
legislature and hold office during good behavior. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. — Governor — A citizen of the State ten years, 
owning an estate of the value of fifteen hundred pounds sterling, 
thirty years of age, and clear of debt. Senators — A citizen of this 
State five years. If a resident of the election district must own a 
freehold estate of £300 sterling ; if not, of JEIOOO, and 30 years of 
age. Representatives — A citizen of this State, 3 years, own 500 
acres and 10 negroes, or j£150 sterling in real estate ; and if a non- 
resident of the district a freehold worth £500 sterling. Electors, or 
Voters — Residence in the State two years, and in the district where 
he shall offer his vote six months. Small property qualification. 
Judges are appointed by the legislature, and hold office during good 
behavior. 

GEORGIA. — Governor — A citizen of the United States 12 years, 
and of the State six years ; owning 500 acres of land, and other 
property to the amount of $4000, besides discharging his debts, and 
thirty years of age. Senators — Nine years a citizen of the United 
States, and 3 years of this State, a freeholder of $500, or taxable 
property of $1000, over and above his debts, have paid all legal 
taxes, and 25 years of age. Representatives — Seven years a citizen 
of the United States, and three years of this State, owning a free- 
hold of $250, or taxable property of $500, over and above his debts, 
and having paid all legal taxes. Electors or Voters — A citizen of the 
State, and six months residence in the county where they offer to 
vote, and must have paid all taxes imposed on them. Judges are 
chosen by the legislature for three years. Inferior judges elected 
by the people. 

ALABAMA. — Governor — A native citizen of the United States, 
and of this State for four years, thirty years of age, and ineligible 
for more than four successive years. Senators — A citizen of the 
United States, and of this State two years, and one year of the 
district for which he shall be chosen, and twenty-seven years of age. 
Representatives — A citizen of the United States, and of this State 



76 

two years, and one year of the county for which he shall be chosen, 
and 21 years of age. Electors^ or Voters — A citizen of the United 
States, one year of this State, and three months residence in the 
county where he shall offer his vote. Judges are appointed by the 
legislature, for six years. 

MISSISSIPPI. — Governor — A citizen of the United States twenty 
years, and of this State five years, and thirty years of age, and inel- 
igible for more than 4 successive years, and must be a freeholder of 
the value of $2000. Senators — A citizen of the United States, and 
of this state four years, the last year of the district for which he 
shall be chosen, and be 30 years of age. Representatives — A citizen 
of the United States, and of this state two years, and the last year 
of the county for which he shall be chosen, and 21 years of age, and 
a freeholder of the value of $500. Electors, or Voters — A citizen of 
the United States, and residence in this State one year, and in the 
county six months, and having done military duty or paid taxes. 
Judges are appointed by the legislature and hold office during good 
behavior for six years. 

LOUISIANA. — Governor — A citizen of the United States, and of 
this State six years, owning landed estate of the value of $.5000, 
and thirty-five years of age. Senators — A citizen of the United 
States, and of this state four years, and one year in his election dis- 
trict, owning landed property of the value of $1000, and 27 years of 
age. Representatives — The same as those in Alabama except that 
they must own landed property to the amount of $500, and 21 years 
of age. Electors or Voters — Residence in the county where he offers 
his vote one year, and having paid taxes within the last six months. 
Judges are appointed by the governor, with advice of the senate, 
and hold office during good behavior. 

TENNESSEE. — Governor — A citizen of the United States and of 
this State seven years, and thirty years of age. Senators — A citizen 
of the United States, three years residence in this State, and in the 
county for which he shall be elected, one year, and thirty years of 
age. Representatives — A citizen of the United States, of the State 
3 years, one year's residence of the county, and 21 years of age. 
Electors or Voters — A citizen of the United States, and six months 
in the county where he shall offer his vote. Judges are appointed 
by the general assembly ; those of the supreme court for twelve 
years ; those of the inferior courts for eight years. 

KENTUCKY. — Governor — A citizen of the United States, and of 
this State six years, and thirty-five years of age, and ineligible for 
more than one term in 7 years. Senators — A citizen of the United 
States, and of this State six years, the last year in the district for 
which he is chosen, and thirty-five years of age. Representatives — 
A citizen of the United States, and of this State two years, and the 
last year in the county for which he may be chosen, and 24 years of 
age. Electors or Voters — Two years residence in the State, and in 
the county in Avhich he offers his vote, one year next preceding the 
election. Judges are nominated by the governor, and appointed by 
him by and with consent of the senate, and hold office during good 
behavior. 

OHIO. — Governor — A citizen of the United States twelve years, 
and an inhabitant of this State four years, and thirty-five years of 



77 



age. Senators — A citizen of the United States, and two years of 
the district or county in which he may be elected, have paid a State 
and county tax, and thirty years of age. Representatives — A citizen 
of the United States, an inhabitant of this state, and one year of the 
county in which he may be chosen, have paid a State or county tax, 
and 25 years of age. Electors or Voters — One year's residence in 
the State, next preceding the election, having paid or been charged 
with a State or county tax. Judges ave appointed by the joint ballot 
of the two houses of the general assembly, for seven years. 

INDIANA. — Governor — A citizen of the United States ten years, 
and of this State five years, and thirty years of age. Senators — A 
citizen of the United States, and of this State two years, and the last 
year of the county or district for which he may be chosen, have paid 
a State or county tax, and twenty-five years of age. Representa- 
tives — A citizen of the United States, an inhabitant of this State and 
of the county for which he may be elected, one year, have paid a 
State or county tax, and 21 years of age. Electors or Voters — One 
year's residence in the State immediately preceding the election, 
entitles him to vote in the county where he resides. Judges of the 
supreme court are appointed by the governor, with the consent of 
the senate ; presidents of the circuit courts by the legislature ; as- 
sociate judges by the people ; each seven years. 

ILLINOIS. — Governor — A citizen of the United States thirty 
years, and two years of this State, thirty years of age, and ineligible 
for two successive terms. Senators — A citizen of the United States, 
the last year of the district where he may be chosen, paid a state or 
county tax, and 25 years of age. Representatives — A citizen of the 
United States, and an inhabitant of the State and of the county 
where he may be chosen one year, paid a State or county tax, and 
21 years old. Electors, or Voters — Residence in the State six 
months, but can vote only in the county where he actually resides. 
Judges are appointed by the general assembly and hold office during 
good behavior. 

MISSOURI. — Governor — A native citizen of the United States, and 
resident of this State four years, and thirty-five years of age. 
Senators — A citizen of the United States, and of this State four 
years, and of the district one year, and having paid a State or county 
tax, and thirty years of age. Representatives — A citizen of the Uni- 
ted States, and of this State two years, of the county where he may 
be chosen one year, paid a State or county tax, and 24 years of age. 
Electors or voters — A citizen of the United States, and one year's 
residence in this State, next preceding the election, and three months 
in the county. Judges are appointed by the governor, by and with 
consent of the senate, and hold office during good behavior. 

MICHIGAN. — Governor — A citizen of the United States five years, 
and a resident of the State for two years immediately preceding the 
election. Senators — A citizen of the United States, and a qualified 
elector in the county he represents. Representatives — A citizen of 
the United States, and qualified electors in the counties they repre- 
sent. Electors or Voters — Twenty-one years of age, and six months 
residence next preceding election. Judges of the supreme court 
are appointed by the governor, by advice and consent of the Senate, 
for the term of 7 years, other judges by the people, for 4> years. 



78 

ARKANSAS. — Governor — A native of Arkansas or of the United 
States or a resident of Arkansas ten years, previous to the adoption 
of the constitution, and a resident 4^ years before election. Sena- 
tors — 'A citizen of the United States, a resident of the State one 
year, and 30 years of age. Represe?itaiives — A citizen of the United 
States, a resident of the county he represents, and 25 years of age. 
Electors^ or Voters — Twenty-one years of age, and a resident of the 
State the six months preceding election. Judges of the supreme 
and circuit courts are appointed by the general assembly ; the former 
for 8 years, and the circuit court for 4 years. 



MILITARY FORCE, APPORTIONMENT OF ARMS FOR 1838, (UNDER THE 
ACT QF 1808, FOR ARMING AND EQUIPPING THE WHOLE BODY OF THE 
MILITIA,) AND REVOLUTIONARY PENSIONERS. 



States and Territories. 


Date of 


Number of 

mil itm 


No. of arms 
apportioned 


Revolutionary 
male pensioners 


Deaths 
in 




■ 


llilliLlCl> 


in muskets. 


living Nov. 1839. 


1S39. 


Maine, 


1838 


43,901 


462 


1,695 


87 


New Hampshire, 


1838 


28,185 


297 


1,.588 


113 


Massachusetts, 


1838 


46,354 


488 


3,124 


232 


Vermont, 


1824 


25,581 


270 


1,961 


130 


Rhode Island, 


1832 


5,488 


59 


636 


54 


Connecticut, 


1838 


29,950 


315 


1,899 


89 


New York, 


1838 


179,276 


1,887 


6,844 


273 


New Jersey, 


1829 


39,171 


413 


960 


44 


Pennsylvania, 


1834 


202,181 


2,128 


2,100 


76 


Delaware, 


1827 


9,229 


98 


18 


1 


Maryland, 


1839 


46,864 


494 


200 


16 


Virginia, 


1838 


102,574 


1,079 


1,974 


111 


North Carolina, 


1838 


65,218 


686 


1,260 


54 


South Carolina, 


1833 


51,112 


538 


574 


10 


Georgia, 


1838 


48,569 


512 


484 


4 


Alabama, 


1838 


29,632 


312 


347 


2 


Louisiana, 


1830 


14,808 


155 


32 




Mississippi, 


1838 


36,084 


380 


49 




Tennessee, 


1830 


72,991 


768 


1,777 


68 


Kentucky, 


1838 


75,926 


799 


1,930 


70 


Ohio, 


1836 


173,214 


1,823 


2,114 


25 


Indiana, 


1833 


53,913 


567 


676 


9 


Illinois, 


1831 


27,386 


288 


263 


13 


Missouri, 


1835 


6,170 


65 


183 


3 


Arkansas, 


1825 


2,028 


22 


33 




Michigan, 


1831 


5,476 


57 


125 


1 


Florida Territory, 


1831 


2,413 


25 


17 


3 


Wisconsin Territory, 


no return. 






4 




District of Columbia, 


1S32 


1,249 


13 


58 








1,424,943 


15,000 


32,925 


1,588 



79 



LIST OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 






9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

10 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

2S 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

148 

149 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

l70 



Bowdoin College 

Waterville* 

Dartmouth 

University of Vermont 

Middlebury 

Norwich University 

Harvard do. 

Williams 

Amherst 

Brown University 

Yale 

Washingtonf 

Wesleyan University^: 

Columbiaf 

Union 

Hamilton 

Hamilton Lit. & Theol.* 

Genevaf 

University of N. York 

Brockport* 

College of N. Jersey 

Rutgers 

Univer. of Pennsylvania 

Dickinson| 

Jefferson 

Washington 

Alleghany:}: 

Western University 

Pennsylvania 

Lafayette 

Marshall 

Newark 

St. John's 

St. Mary's§ 

Mount St. Mary's§ 

Mount Hope 

University of Md. 

Georgetown§ 

Columbian* 

William and Maryf 

Hampden Sidney 

Washington 

University of Virginia 

Randolph-MaconJ 

University of N. Carolina 

Davidson 

College of S. Carolina 

Charleston 

University of Georgia 

Oglethorpe 

University of Alabama 

Laffrangel 

Spring Hill§ 



Jefferson 

Oakland 

Mississippi 

Kemper 

Louisisma 

Jefferson 

Greenville 

Washington 

University of Nashville 

East Tennessee 

Jackson 

Transylvania 

St. Joseph's§ 

Centre 

Augusta:}: 

Cumberland 

Bacon* 



Brunswick, 

Waterville, 

Hanover, 

Burlington, 

Middlebury, 

Norwach, 

Cambridge, 

IWiiliamstown, 

Amherst, 

Providence, 

New-Haven, 

Hartford, 

Middletown, 

New- York, 

Schenectady, 

Clinton, 

Hamilton, 

Geneva, 

New-York, 

Brockport, 

Princeton, 

N. Brunswick 

Philadelphia, 

Carlisle, 

Canonsburg, 

Washington, 

Meadville, 

Pittsburg, 

Gettysburg, 

Easton, 

Mercersburg, 

Newark, 

Annapolis, 

Baltimore, 

Emmetsburg, 

Near Baltimore, 

Baltimore, 

Georgetown, 

Washington, 

Williamsburg, 

Prince Ed. Co., 

Lexington, 

Charlottesville, 

Boydton, 

Chapel-Hill, 

Mecklenb'g Co.. 

Columbia, 

Charleston, 

Athens, 

Midway, 

Tuscaloosa, 

Lagrange, 

Spring Hill, 

Washington, 

Oakland, 

iClinton, 

Kemper Co., 

' Jackson, 

St. Jas. Park, 

Greenville, 

[Wash. Co., 

Nashville, 

Knoxville, 

[Near Columbia, 

iLexington, 

Bardstown, 

Danville, 

Augusta, 

IPrinceton, 

'Georgetown 



Me. 
do. 
N. H. 
Vt. 
do. 
do. 
Mass. 
do. 
do. 
R.I. 
Ct. 
do. 
do. 
N. Y. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
N.J. 
do. 
Penn. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
Del. 
Md. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
D. C. 
do. 
Va. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
N. C. 
do. 
S. C. 
do. 
Ga. 
do. 
Ala. 
do. 
do. 
Mi. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
La. 
do. 
Tenn. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 

do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 



124 

SO 
231 
105 
157 

80 
219 
120 
206 
187 
403 

54 
135 

99 
301 
101 

65 

28 
226 

240 
93 
107 
128 
171 
107 
38 

118 
72 
49 
55 
108 
190 
131 
45 

134 

40 

111 

60 

40 

230 

103 

145 

150 

127 

101 

144 
85 
50 

100 
60 



25 

138 
43 
35 

125 
90 

100 
62 

130 
66 
75 
72 

203 



8,000 1794 
4,500 1820 
6,000 1770 
6,200 1791 
2, 330 1 1800 
1,00011834 
44,000 1638 
3,000 1793 
4,300 1821 
6,000 1764 



10,.500 
2,000 
3,000 
8,000 
5,350 
2,500 
1,600 
1,200 



7,000 

3,000 

2,400 

3,000 

1,000 

2,400 

8,000 

225 

500 

425 

600 

2,700 

12,000 

7,000 



12,000 
4,000 
3,600 
5,000 
1,500 

15,000 

3,000 

10,000 

4,500 

3,500 
200 



2,000 
1,000 



1700 

1824 

1831 

1754 

1795 

1812 

1819 

1823 

1831 

1833 

1746 

1770 

1755 

1783 

1802 

1806 

1815 

1820- 

1832 

1826 

1836 

1833 

1784 

1799 

1830 

1832 

1812 

1799 

1821 

1693 

1774 

1812 

1819 

1831 

1791 

1837 

1804 

1785 

1785 

1838 

1828 

1831 

1830 

1802 

1831 

1830 



1,200 
1,008 
4,000 

500 
2,200 
3,000 
1,250 
2,400 
5,000 
1,600 
2,000 

500 
1,200 



1825 
1831 
1794 
1794 
1806 
1807 
1830 
1798 
1819 
1822 
1823 
1826 
1836 



80 



LIST OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES.— Con- 

TINUED. 



St. Mary's§ 

University of Ohio 

Miami University 

Franklin 

Western Reserve 

Kenyonf 

Granville* 

Marietta 

Oberlin Institute 

Cincinnati 

Woodward 

Indiana 

South Hanover 

Wabash 

Illinois 

Shui-tleff* 

M'Kendreao:}: 

M'Donoueh 

Univer. of St. Louis§ 

St. Mary's§ 

Marion 

Columbia 

St. CharlesJ 

Fayette 

Michigan Univer. 

Marshall 



Stu- 
dents 



Marion Co., 

Athens, 

Oxford, 

New Athens, 

Hudson, 

Gambier 

Granville, 

Marietta, 

Oberlin, 

Cincinnati 

Cincinnati, 

Bloomington, 

South Hanover, 

Crawfordsville, 

Jacksonville, 

Upper Alton, 

Lebanon, 

Macomb, 

St. Louis, 

Barrens, 

New Palmyra, 

Columbia, 

St. Charles, 

Fayette, 

Ann Harbor, 



do. 
Ohio. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

Ind. 

do. 

do. 

111. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
Mo. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
Mich. 

do. 



Libr's- ^^'^■ 



41 
88 
83 
51 
56 
12 
50 
95 
84 
10 
120 
120 
95 
64 
60 
70 

200 

124 

33 

70 
75 



1,300 
1,618 
500 
3,500 
4,643 
3,000 
3,000 



600 



1,500 
1,000 



7,500 
6,000 
1,000 



1822 
1821 
1S24 
1825 
1826 
1826 
1832 
1832 
1834 
1819 

1827 
1829 
1833 
1830 
1835 
1834 
1837 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1835 



1837 



Remarks.— The Colleges marked thus (*) are under the direction of the Baptists ; thus (+) Episcopali- 
ans ; thu3 (t) Methodists ; thus (§) Catholics. 



SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPAL RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS IN THE 
UNITED STATES. 







Churches or 


Members or 




Denominations. 


Ministers. 


Congrega- 
tions. 


Communi- 
cants. 


Population. 


Baptist, 


4,239 


6,319 


452,000^ 




" Free-will, 


612 


753 


33,876 


4,300,000 


" Seventh-Day, 


46 


42 


4,503 


" Six-Principle, 


10 


16 


2,117 




Methodists, 


3,296 




740,459 I 
50,000 s 


3,000,000 


" Protestant, 


400 




Presbyterians, 


2,225 


2,807 


274,084^ 




' Cumberland, 


450 


500 


50,000 




" Associate, 


87 


183 


16,000 


2,476,000 


" Reformed. 


20 


40 


3,000 




" Associate Reformed, 


116 


214 


12,000 




Congregationalists, 


1,150 


1,300 


160,000 


1,400,000 


Catholics, 


550 


812 


700,000 


800,000 


Episcopalians, 


849 


850 




600,600 


Universalists, . 


463 


792 




600,000 


Lutherans, 
Dutch Reformed, 


267 


750 


62,226 


540,000 


192 


197 


22,516 


450,000 


Christians, 


800 


1,000 


150,000 


300,000 


German Reformed, 


180 


600 


30,000 


250,000 


Unitarians, 


250 


225 




180,000 


'' Memnonites, 




200 


30,000 


120,000 


Friends, 




500 




100,000 


Tunkers, 


40 


40 


3,000 


30,000 


Jews, 








15,000 


Moravians or United Brethren, 


33 


24 


5,745 


12,000 


Mormonites, 






12,000 


12,000 


Shakers, 


45 


15 


6,000 


6,000 


New Jerusalem Church, 


33 


27 




5,000 



81 



PRINaPAL RAILROADS FINISHED OR IN PROGRESS IN THE 
UNITED STATES. 



Names. 


States. 


Places Comiected. 


Miles. 


Eastern Railroad. 


Mass. 


Boston and Newburyport. 


33 


Boston and Lowell, 


Mass. 




2.5 i 


Boston and Worcester, 


Mass. 


Boston and west line of the state. 


160 


Providence and Stonington, 


R. Land Con. 




47 


Norwich and Worcester, 


Mass. & Con. 




58 


Hartford and New Haven, 


Con. 




40 


Utica and Schenectady, 


N. Y. 




84 


Troy and Eallston, 


N. Y. 




25 


Mohawk and Hudson, 


N. Y. 


Albany and Schenectady- 


16 


Saratoga and Schenectady, 


N. Y. 




22i 


Utica and Syracuse, 


N. Y. 




50 


Auburn and Syracuse, 


N. Y. 




25 


Lockport and'Niagara Fails, 


N. Y. 




20 


Buffalo and Niagara Falls, 


N. Y. 




23 


Tonawanda, 


N. Y. 


Rochester and Attica. 


47 


Ithaca and Owego, 


N. Y. 




29 


New York and Erie, 


N. Y. 


Hudson River and Lake Erie. 


340 


Jersey City and Paterson, 


N.J. 




15 


Jersey City and Trenton, 


N.J. 




58 


Camden and Amboy, 


N.J. 




61 


Philadelphia and Trenton, 


Pa. and N. J. 




26 


Philadelphia and Columbia, 


Pa. 




8U 


Philadelphia and Baltimore, 


Pa.De. & Md. 




921 


Philadelphia and Norristown, 


Pa. 




17" 


Philadelphia and Reading, 


Pa. 




56 


Central, e 


Pa. 


Danville and Pottsville. 


44i 


Lancaster and Harrisburg, 


Pa. 




37 


Westchester, 


Pa. 


Westchester and Columbia R.R. 


9 


Baltimore and Susquehanna, 


Md. and Pa. 


Baltimore, through York to 








Wrightsville. 


70 


Williamsport and Elmira, 


Pa. 




74 


Reading and Port Clinton, 


Pa. 




20 


Little Schuylkill, 


Pa. 


Port Clinton and Tarn aqua. 


20 


Cumberland Valley, 


Pa. 


Harrisburg and Chambersburg. 


49 


Wrightsville and Gettysburg, 


Pa. 




42 


Newcastle and Frenchtown, 


De. 




16i 


Baltimore and Ohio, 


Md. 


Completed to Harper's Ferry. 


SO 


Baltimore and Washington, 


Md. and D. C. 




40 


Winchester, 


Va. 


Winchester and Harper's Ferry. 


30 


Richmond and Potomac, 


Va. 


Richmond and Potomac River. 


75 


Richmond and Petersburg, 


Va. 




21 


Petersburg and Roanoke, 


Va. andN.C. 


Petersburg and Blakely. 


60 


Portsmouth and Roanoke, 


Va. and N. C. 


Portsmouth and Weldon. 


80 


Roanoke and Greensville 


Va. andN.C. 


Hickford and Gaston. 


IS 


Raleigh and Gaston, 


N.C. 




86 


Wilmington and Raleigh, 


N.C. 


Wilmington and Halifax. 


161 


South Carolina, 


s. c. 


Charleston and Hamburg. 


135 


Central, 


Ga. 


Savannah and Macon. 


200 


Monroe, 


Ga. 


Macon and Forsyth. 


25 


Georgia, 


Ga. 


Augusta and Decatur. 


160 


Tuscumbia and Decatur, 


Aa. 




45 


Montgomery and Chattahoochie, 


Aa. 


Montgomery and West Point. 


85 


Vicksburg, 


Mi. 


Vicksburg and Jackson. 


54 


Jackson and Brandon, 


Mi. 




8 


Grand Gulf and Port Gibson, 


Mi. 




8 


New Orleans and Nashville, 


La. and Mi. 




500 


Clinton and Port Hudson, 


La. 




28 


Bt. Francisville and Woodville, 


La. 




28 


Memphis and La Grange, 


Ten. 




50 


Mad River, 


0. 


Dayton and Sandusky City. 


153 


Lexington and Ohio, 


Ky. 


Louisville and Lexington. 


90 


Central, 


Mic. 


Detroit and St. Joseph's. 


180 


Detroit and Pontiac, 


Mic. 




30 


Erie and Kalamazoo, 


Mic. 


Toledo and Marshall. 


90 


Madison and Lafayette. ! 


Ind. 




150 


Lawrenceburg and Indianapohs, ' 


Ind. 




90 



82 



PRINCIPAL CANALS FINISHED OR IN PROGRESS IN THE UNITED 

STATES. 



Names. 



Cumberland and Oxford, 

Middlesex, 

Blackfetone, 

Farmmgton, Hampden, &c. 

Delaware, Hudson, Lackawaxen, 

Erie, 

Champlain, 

Black River, 

Oswego, 

Chenango, 

Seneca, 

Cayuga, 

Chemung, 

Morris, 

Delaware and Raritan, 

Delaware Canal, 

Lehigh, 

Schuylkill, 

Little Schuylkill, 

Union, 

Pennsylvania, 

Susquehanna division. 

West Branch, 

North Branch, 

Beaver division, 

French Creek division 

Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, 

Sandy and Beaver, 

Chesapeake and Delaware, 

Chesapeake and Ohio, 

Dismal Swamp, 

James River, 

Santee, 

Savannah and Alatamaha, 

Brunswick, 

Muscle Shoals, 

Lafourche, 

Miami, 

Ohio and Erie, 

Wabash and Erie, 

White Water, 
Illinois and Chicago, 



Me. 

Mass. 

Mass. & R.I. 

Mass. & Con. 

N.Y.andPa. 

N. Y. 

N. Y. 

N. Y. 

N. Y. 

N. Y. 

N. Y. 

N. Y. 

N. Y. 

N.J. 

N.J. 

Pa. 

Pa. 

Pa. 

Pa. 

Pa. 

Pa 

Pa. 

Pa. 

Pa. 

Pa. 

Pa. 

Pa. and 0. 

Pa. and O. 

Del. and Md. 

Md. 

Va. and N.C. 

Va. 

S. C. 

Ga. 

Ga. 

Aa. 

La. 

O. 

O. 

Ind. and O. 

Ind. 
11. 



Places Connected. 



Miles. 



Portland and Sebago Pond, 
Boston and Lowell, 
Providence and Worcester, 
New Haven and Northampton, 
Hudson River and Honesdale, 
Albany and Bufialo, 
Lake Champlain and Hudson R, 
Rome and Black River, 
Syracuse and Oswego, 
Binghampton and Utica, 
Seneca Lake and Erie Canal, 
Geneva and Montezuma, 
Elmira and Seneca Lake, 
Easton, Pa., and Jersey City, op. 

posite N. Y. 
New Brunswick and Bordentown 
Bristol and Easton, 
Easton and White's Haven, 
Philadelphia and Port Carbon, 
Port Clinton and Tamaqua, 
Reading at Middletovai, 
Columbia and Pittsburg, 
Juniata and Northumberland, 
Northumberland and Dunstown, 
Northumberland and Lackawana, 
Beaver and Mercer county, 
Franldin and Erie, 
Beaver River and Akron, 
Beaver and Bolivar, 
Delaware and Elk R, 
Georgetown and Cumberland, 
Portsmouth and New Lebanon, 
Richmond and Lynchburg, 
Santee and Cooper's River, 
Savannah and Alatamaha River, 
Brunswick and Alatamaha River, 
Round the Muscle Shoals in the 

Tennessee River, 
New Orleans and La Fourche R, 
Cincinnati and Maumee, 
Portsmouth and Cleveland, 
Lafayette and mouth of the Mau- 
mee 

Illinois River and Lake Michigan 



20 

27 
4.'> 
78 
82^ 
363 
63 
76 
38 
96 

20 
23 

101 
42 
60 
66 

108 
20 
82 

312 
39 
66 
76 
30 
46 
82 
73 
14 

186 
23 

150 
22 
60 
12 

37 

85 
265 
306 

110 
76 
96 



INDIAN WARRIORS NEAR THE WESTERN FRONTIER OF THE UNITED 

STATES. 

Estimated number of warriors belonging to tribes removed by government west 

of Missouri and Arkansas, 16,310 

Estimated number of warriors belonging to indigenous tribes located immediately 

west of the said states, 1,544 

Estimated number of warriors of indigenous tribes within striking distance of 

the western frontier, 43,385 



61,239 



83 



LIST OF 

MINISTERS, CONSULS, 
AND OTHER DIPLOMATIC AND COMMERCIAL AGENTS, 

OF 

THE UNITED STATES, 

IN 

FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 



DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 

April 1, 1840. 



List op ministers, consuls, and other diplomatic and commercial 
agents op the united states in poreign countries, and of the 
places of their residence. 



Andrew Stevenson, 

Benjamin Rush, - 
Thomas Aspinwall, 
Albert Davy, 
Francis B. Ogden, 
Thomas Dennison, 
Robert W. Fox, - 
Thomas Were Fox, 
Robert R. Hunter, 



Robert Grieve, - 
Edward Baxter, - 
Alexander Thomson, 



BRITISH DOMINIONS. 

ENGLAND. 
i Envoy Extraordinary and ) 
\ Minister Plenipotentiary, ^ 
Secretary of Legation, 
Consul, 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 



SCOTLAND. 



Consul, 
do. - 
do. - 



London. 

Do. 
London. 

Kingston-upon-HuU. 
Liverpool. 
Bristol. 
Falmouth. 
Plymouth. 
Cowes, [Isle of Wight.] 



Leith, [port of Edinburgh,] 

Dundee. 

Glasgow. 



Thomas Wilson, - - Consul, 

Thomas William Gilpin, do. 

James Corscaden - - do. 

John Murphy, - • do. 

Thomas M. Persse, - do. 



IRELAND. 



Dublin. 

Belfast. 
Londonderry. 
Cork. 
Galway. 



Horatio Sprague, - 
William W. Andrews, 
William Carroll, 
Isaac Chase, - 

W. H. H. Griffiths, 



IN AND NEAR EUROPE, AND AFRICA. 
Consul, - - - Gibraltar. 

Island of Malta. 
Island of St. Helena. 
Cape-town [Cape of Good 
Hope.] 
Commercial Agent, - Port-Louis, [Mauritius or 

Isle of France.] 



do. 

Commercial Agent, 
Consul, 



64 



Thomas Leavitt, 

John Morrow, 
James Primrose, 
John I. D'Wolf, 



Wiliiam Tudor Tucker, - 

John F. Bacon, 

John Arthur, 

Robert Munroe Harrison, 

John Haly, 



Moses Benjamin, 
James H. Williams, 



Philemon S. Parker, 
Joseph Balestier, - 



NORTH AMERICA. 
Consul, 

do. - - - 

do. - - - 

do. . - - 

WEST INDIES. 

Consul, 

do. - - - 

do. - - - 

do. - - - 

Comjnercial Agent, 

do. - - - 

SOUTH AMERICA. 
Consul, 

AUSTRALIA. 
Consul, 

EAST INDIES. 
Consul, ... 
do. - - - 



St. Johns, [New Bruns- 
wick . 
Halifax, [Nova Scotia .] 
Pictou, [do.] 

Sydney, [do.] 



Bermuda. 

Nassau, [Bahama Islands.] 

Turk's Island. 

Kingston, [Jamaica.] 

St. Christopher and Antigua. 

Barbadoes. 



Demerara, [British Guiana., 
Sidney, [New S. Wales,] 



Bombay. 
Singapore. 



Churchill C. Cambrelins 
William W. Chew, 



RUSSIA. 

\ Ste^rTl^ngSat \ ''■ P^^^"^^-^- 
Secretary of Legation, 



do. 



Abraham P. Gibson, 
Alexander Schwartz, 
Edmund Brandt, - 


ON THE BALTIC SEA. 

Consul, 
do. • - - 
do. . - - 

ON THE BLACK SEA. 


St. Petersburg. 

Riga. 

Archangel. 


JohnRalli, 


Consul, 


Odessa. 



Lewis Cass 
Henry Ledyard, 



Daniel Brent, 
Samuel Allinson, 



FRENCH DOMINIONS. 

FRANCE. 
^ Envoy Extraordinaryj and 
( Minister Plenipotentiary. 
Secretary of Legation. do. 



Consul, 
do. 



Paris. 



Paris. 
Lyons. 



Reuben G. Beasley, 
Nathan Haley, 
Henry P. Van Bibber, 
George Strobel, 



Daniel C. Croxall, - 

Felix H. Suau 
Philip A. de Creny, 

Francis La Grouts, 



PORTS ON THE ATLANTIC- 

Consul - - - Havre, 

do. - - - Nantes, 

do. - - - La Rochelle 

do. - - - Bordeaux. 

PORTS ON THE MEDITERRANEAN. 



Consul, 
do. 



WEST INDIES. 



Consul, 
do. 



Consul, 



AFRICA. 



Cefte. 
Marseilles 



Pointe-a-Pitre, [Guadeloupe.] 
St. Pierre, [Martinique.] 

Algiers. 



85 





SPANISH DOMINIONS 


>, 




SPAIN. 




S Envoy Extraordinary and ) 
I Minister Plenipotentiary. ) 
Arthur Middleton, Jun. - Secretary of Legation. 


Madrid, 
do. 


Maximo de Aguirre, 
Alexander Burton, 
George Read, 
Joseph Borras, 
Obadiah Rich, 


Consul, 
do. - . - 
do. - . - 
do. 
do. - - - 


Bilbao. 

Cadiz. 

Malaga. 

Barcelona. norca.] 

Port Mahon, [Island of Mi- 


Nicholas P. Trist, 
Daniel W. Courts, 
Hiram P. Hastings, 
Michael Mahon, 


CUBA. 
Consul, 
do. - - 

do. .... 
do. . . - - 


Havana. 
Matanzas. 
Trinidad de Cuba. 
Sant-iago de Cuba. 


James C. Gallaher, 
John 0. Bradford, 
Richard J. Offley, 
William H. Tracy, 


PUERTO RICO. 
Consul, 
do. , - 
do. - - 
do. - - 
OTHER SPANISH ISLANDS. 


Ponce. 

San Juan or St. Johns. 

Mayaguez. 

Guayama 


Joseph Cullen, 
Henry P. Sturgis, . 


Consul, 
do. - - - 


Teneriffe, [Canary.] 
Manilla. [Philippine.] 




PORTUGUESE DOMINIONS. 


Edward Kavanagh, 


PORTUGAL. 

Charge d' Affaires, . 


Lisbon. 


Israel P. Hutchinson, 
William H. Vesey, 


Consul, 
do. - - 


Lisbon. 
St.Ubes,or Setuval. 


Charles W. Dabney, 
.Tohn H. March, - 
Ferdinand Gardner, 


PORTUGUESE ISLANDS. 
Consul, 

do. - - 

do. - - 


Fayal, [Azores.] 
Funchal, [Madeira.] 
St. Jago, [Cape Verd.] 




BELGIUM. 




Virgil Maxcy, 


Charge d' Affaires, - 


Brussels. 


Thomas H. Barker, 


Consul, 


Antwerp. 



Harmanus Bleecker, 

John W. Vandenbroek, 
John Wambersie, 

Thomas Trask, 

Jacob H. D'Meza, - 
Owen M. Roberts, - 



Jonathan F. Woodside, 

Charles F. Ryan, 
Edmund L. Raynals 
George P. Todsen, 

David Rogers, 



DOMINIONS OF THE NETHERLANDS. 

HOLLAND. 

Charge d'Affaires, • 



Hague. 



Consul, - - . Amsterdam, 

do. - - Rotterdam. 

COLONIES OF THE NETHERLANDS. 

Consul, - - - Paramaribo, [Surinam, 

South America.] 
do. - - - Curagao, [W.I. Island.] 

do. - - - Batavia, [Java, East India 

Island.] 



DANISH DOMINIONS. 

DENMARK. 

Charge d'Affaires, 



Consul, 

do. 

do. 

WEST INDIES. 
Consul, 



Copenhagen. 

Copenhagen. 

Elsineur. 

Altona. 

St. Croix, or Santa Cruz. 



86 



SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 



Cliristopher Hughes, 

Charles D. Arfwedson, 
C- A. Murray, 
Helmich Janson, - 



Henry Wheaton, - 
Theodore S. Fay, - 

Arnold Halbach, - 
William T. Simons 
Frederick Schillow, 



Henry A. Muhlenberg, 
John R. Clay, 

J. G. Schwarz, 
George Moore, 
Albert Dabadie, 



Gerhard W. Abeken, 

John G. Flugel, 
Robert de Ruedorffer, 

Charles Graebe, 



Charge d'Aflaires, 



Consul, 
do. 
do. 



PRUSSIA. 



S Envoy Extraordinary and 
Minister Plenipotentiary. 
Secretary of Legation, 



Consul, 
do. 
do. 



AUSTRIA. 



J Envoy Extraordinary and 
\ Minister Plenipotentiary 
Secretary of Legation, 



Consul, 
do. - 
do. - 



HANOVER. 

Consul, 



SAXONY. 



Consul, 
do. 



BAVARIA. 



Consul, 



Stockholm. 

Stockholm. 
Gothenburg. 
Bergen. 



Berlin, 
do. 

Berlin. 

Elberfeld. 

Stettin. 



Vienna, 
do. 

do. 
Trieste. 
Venice. 



Embden. 



Dresden. 
Leipsick. 



Munich. 



GRAND-DUCHY OF HESSE. 

Consul, - - - Cassel. 



GRAND-DUCHY OF MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN. 

Christian F. Schultz, - Consul, - - - Rostock. 



HANSEATIC or FREE CITIES. 



John Cuthbert, 
Marcus Derkhem, 
Ernest Schwcndler, 



Stephen Powers 



Victor A. Sasseruo, 



Thomas Appleton. 



George W. Greene, 
James E. Freeman, 



Consul, 
do. 
do. - 



SWITZERLAND. 

Consul, 



Hamburg. 

Bremen 

Frankfort-on-the-Maine. 



Basil or Basle. 



SARDINIAN STATES. 

Consul, 
do - 



TUSCANY. 



Consul, 



Genoa. 

Nice. 



Leghorn. 



PONTIFICAL STATES. 

Consul, - - - Rome, 

do. - - - Ancona. 



87 



KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES. 



Enos T. Throop, 

Alexander Hammett, 
John M. Marston, 
John L. Payson, • 



David Porter, - 
John P. Brown, 



Charge d'Afiaires, 



Consul, 
do. - 
do. - 



Naples. 

Naples. 

Palermo, [Sicily.] 
Messina, [do.] 



TURKISH DOMINIONS. 

Minister Resident, 
Dragoman 



Constantinople, 
do. 



George A. Porter, 
David W. Offley, 
Nicholas Luca Perick, 
W. B. Llewellyn, 

Marino de Mattel, 


Consul, 
do. - 
do. - 
do. - 
do. - 
do. - 


Constantinople. 

Smyrna. 

Brousa. 

Saloaica. 

Isle of Stanco or Cos. 

Isle of Cyprus. 


PLACES UI 

George R. Gliddon, 
John Gliddon, - 
A. Durighello, - 
Jasper Chasseaud, 
Vincent Rosa, - 
D. Bonnal, 


>fDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE 

Consul, - 
do. - 
do. . - 
do. . . 
do. - - - • 
do. - - 


PACHA OF EGYPT. 

Cairo, [Egypt.] 
Alexandria, [do.] 
Aleppo. Said.] 
Beirout, Damascus, and 
Candia, [Isle of Candia.] 
Canea, [do.] 


Gregory A. Perdicaris, 
James Wilkin, - 


GREECE. 

Consul, 
do. - - 


Athens. 
Isle of Syra. 


Thomas N. Carr. 
Samuel D. Head, 
Daniel S. Macauley, - 


BARBARY STATES. 

Consul, - - - Tangiers, [Morocco.] 
do. - - . - Tunis, [Tunis.] 
do. - - - - Tripoli, [Tripoli.] 


DOMINK 

Richard P. Waters, - 


DNS OF THE IMAUM 

Consul, 
do. - 


OF MUSCAT. 

Muscat. 

Island of Zanzibar, [near 
the east coast of Africa.] 



CHINA. 



Peter W. Snow, 



Consul, 



Canton. 



INDEPENDENT PACIFIC ISLANDS. 



Samuel R. Blackler. 
Peter A. Brinsmade 
James R. Clendon, 



Ralph Higinbothom, 
Benjamin E Viall, 



George H. Flood, 



Elisha A. Rhodes, 
Yoimg I. Porter, 
Charles S. Wallack. 



Powhatan Ellis, 
Thomas H. Ellis, 



Consul, 

Commercial Agent, 
Consul, 



Otaheite, [Society Islands.] 
Woahoo, [Sandwich Isl.] 
Bay of Islands, [New Zea- 
land.] 



HAYTI or SAN DOMINGO. 



Commercial Agent, 
do. - 



Aux Cayes. 
Cape Haytien. 



REPUBLIC OF TEXAS. 

Charge d'AfTaires, - - Austin. 



Consul, 
do. - 
do. - 
do. - 



Velasco. 
Galveston. 
Brazoria. 
Matagorda. 



MEXICAN REPUBLIC. 

k Envoy Extraordinary and ) 
( Minister Plenipotentiary, \ 
Secretary of Legation, 



Mexico, 
do. 



88 



William D. Jones, 
John S. Langham, 
Manuel Alvarez, 


Consul, 
do. - 
do. - 


Mexico. 
Chihuahua. 
Santa Fe. 


George W. Montgomery, 
Daniel W. Sinith, 
Marmaduke Burrough, - 
Henry E. Coleman, 
Charles Russell, - 
John Louis M'Gregor, - 


ON THE ATLANTIC SIDE. 

Consul, 

do. - - 
do. . - 
do. - - 
do. . . 
do. - - 


Tampico or Santa Anna de 

Matamoras, [Tamaulipas. 

Vera Cruz and Alvarado. 

Tabasco. 

Laguna, [Carmen Island.] 

Campeache. 


Jonathan P. Gilliam, 

John Parrott, 

Jose Maria Castanos, 


ON THE PACIFIC SIDE. 

Consul 
do. . - 
do. - - 


Monterey. 
Mazatlan. 
San Bias. 



Stephen H. Weems. 



CENTRAL AMERICA. 

Consul, 



Guatemala, [Pacific side.] 



NEW GRANADA. 



.Tames Semple, - 


Charge d'Afiaires, - 

ON THE ATLANTIC SIDE. 


Bogota. 


Thomas W. Robeson, - 


Consul, 

ON THE PACIFIC SIDE. 


Santa Martha. 


Ferdinand E. Hassler, - 


Consul, 


Panama. 




VENEZUELA. 




John G. A. Williamson, 


Charge d'AflFaires, - 


Caraccas. 


William J. Dubs, 


Consul, 


Maracaibo. 


Franklm Litchfield, 


do. -' 


Puerto Cabello. 


Benjamin Renshaw, 


do. - 


Laguayra. 




EQUATOR. 




Seth Sweetzer, - 


Consul, 


Guayaquil. 




BRAZIL. 




William Hunter, 


Charge d'AflFaires, - 


Rio de Janeiro. 


Charles B. Allen, 


Consul, 


Maranham Island. 


Charles J. Smith, 


do. '. - . - 


Para. 


Joseph Ray, 


do. - - 


Pemambuco. 


George W. Slacum, 


do. - - 


Rio de Janeiro. 


George Black, - 


do. ... 


Santos. 


Lemuel Wells. - 


do. - - 


St. Catharine's Island 


John C. Pedrick, 


do. - - 


Rio Grande. 



URUGUAY or CISPLATINE REPUBLIC. 

Robert M. Hamilton, - Consul, - - . Montevideo. 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC or BUENOS AYRES. 



Alfred M. Slade, - Consul, 



Richard Pollard, 



CHILE. 

Charge d' Affaires, • 



George G. Hobson, - Consul, 
Paul H. Delano, - Acting do. 

Samuel F. Haviland, - do. - 



James C. Pickett, 



PERU 

Charge d'Afiairesj 



Edwin Bartlet, - - Consul, 
Alexander Ruden, Jun. do. - 



Buenos Ayres. 



Sant-Iago. 

Valparaiso, 
Talcahuano. 
Coquimbo. 



Lima. 



Lima. 
Paita. 



TOPOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL 
OBSERVATIONS. 



MAINE. 

The recent agitation of the public mind, growing out of the un- 
settled boundary question in this state, has given to Maine an un- 
usual degree of interest. Great Britain claims about one third of 
the whole surface of this state, upon the ostensible plea, that she is 
rightfully entitled to it by virtue of treaty to that effect, but doubt- 
less, in reality, that she may secure a direct land communication 
between her provinces on the Atlantic and the Canadas ; and evi- 
dently, as it is believed, in contravention of former treaties on this 
subject. 

Lumber constitutes one of the principal productions of the state. 
The value of lumber cut and sawed annually, is estimated at ten 
millions of dollars ; the yearly value of wool grown, is about two 
millions ; that of lime manufactured in the state, one million ; annual 
value of manufactures, ten millions ; upward of fifty thousand tons 
of shipping are annually built. 

There is in the valley of the Kennebec a fine wheat tract. Be- 
sides lumber, lime, and wool, beef, pork, butter, pot and pearl ashes, 
dried and pickled fish, hay, marble, firewood, &c. are exported. The 
constitution amply provides for the support of public schools, and 
for the encouragement and endowment of academies, colleges, and 
seminaries of learning. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

There is a great variety of soil in this state, much of it may be 
said to be fertile, but perhaps generally better adapted to grazing 
than tillage. Agricultural pursuits constitute chiefly the occupation 
of the inhabitants ; and horses and cattle, beef, pork, butter, cheese, 
lumber, fish, pot and pearl ashes, &c., are largely exported. The 
state yields a very fine granite, which is extensively quarried, and 
affords an excellent material for building. There are some large 
manufacturing establishments, chiefly in the southern part of the 
state. Portsmouth has one of the finest harbors in the world, afford- 
ing forty feet of water at low tide, easily accessible, and completely 
landlocked. Common schools are established by law throughout the 
state. 



90 



VERMONT. 



A large proportion of the soil in this state is fertile, and fitted to 
the various purposes of agriculture ; and this is the chief employ- 
ment of the inhabitants. Iron is found in great abundance, and is 
extensively wrought ; also marble of good quality is quarried and 
carried out of the state. Horses and mules are sent from this to other 
states, and to the West Indies. A number of cotton manufactories are 
in operation. Domestic fabrics of linen and viroollen are made in al- 
most every family. In the state a council of censors is chosen once 
every seven years, for the term of one year, by the popular vote. It is 
their' duty to examine whether there have been any violations of the 
Constitution, and whether the legislative and executive branches 
have done their duty, and also to propose any alterations in the Con- 
stitution. Towns are divided into districts, each of which is required 
by law to support a school at least three months during the year. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

This is, indeed, a noble state ; and taken as a whole, the bes^ 
cultivated state in the Union. Its legislature and agricultural socie- 
ties have made great efforts to encourage a skilful and thrifty hus- 
bandry ; but its most important branches of productive industry are 
the fisheries, navigation, commerce, and manufactures. The ship- 
ping belonging to this state amounts to about half a million of tons, 
being greater than that of any other state, and nearly one third of 
the whole tonnage of the country. In this state the first blood was 
shed in resisting the oppressive acts of the mother country, and 
which ultimately led to the triumphant achievement of American In- 
dependence — and being noted as it is for its extraordinary attention 
to the education of its citizens, will doubtless be the last to submit 
to oppression from any other quarter. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

This, although the smallest state in the Union, is not less noted 
for the enterprise, intelligence, patriotism, and sound morals of its 
citizens, than are the larger states of the confederacy — the climate 
healthy as that of any part of America. Commerce, the fisheries, 
and manufactures, rather than agriculture, constitute the principal 
occupation of its inhabitants. The annual value of imports is up- 
ward of half a million of dollars, principally derived from the whale 
fishery. Here are some large cotton and woollen mills, bleacheries, 
calico-print works, iron foundries, machine shops, tanneries, &c. — 
a silk manufactory in Providence — and lace is made in Newport. 
In fact, no state in the Union has so large a proportion of its popu- 
lation and capital employed in manufactories as Rhode Island. Ten 
thousand dollars a year is appropriated by the state for the support 
of common schools. There are in the state three hundred and 
twenty-three free schools, with nearly twenty thousand pupils. 



91 



CONNECTICUT. 

Soil generally productive, but not highly fertile, being better 
adapted to grazing than tillage. Fine rich meadows, however, adorn 
its rivers, particularly on the Connecticut and Housatonic. The 
farnners of this state are distinguished for their skill and industry, 
and much care has been bestowed upon the cultivation of the land ; 
it resembles, in many parts, a well cultivated garden. Considerable 
attention has been paid to the cultivation of the mulberry tree ; and 
the breeding of silk-worms successfully prosecuted. The fisheries 
are carried on with enterprize, and some fifteen thousand tons of 
shipping employed in the whaling business. The manufactures are 
of great value, but being principally in the hands of the people, 
there are few large establishments. The income from the common 
school fund (about two millions of dollars) is appropriated to that 
highly important object, the education of its children. 

NEW YORK. 

Appropriately denominated the " Empire State," being the most 
flourishing, wealthy, and populous of the Union. Unsurpassed in 
the natural advantages of its soil, internal navigation, and easy ac- 
cess to the sea, public works, executed on a scale of imperial gran- 
deur, it exhibits one of those amazing examples of growth and 
prosperity that are seen nowhere on the globe, beyond our own 
borders. To describe the varied beauties of its diversified scenery, 
its inexhaustible mineral resources, the extent of its agricultural 
productions, its numerous and flourishing manufactories, its magni- 
ficent public works, its great commercial operations, (New York city 
being after London the greatest commercial emporium in the world) 
its noble institutions liberally endowed, and established for the pro- 
motion of the fine and useful arts and sciences, its ample provision 
for the moral culture of its inhabitants, its generous contributions 
towards ameliorating the condition of the helpless and destitute, the 
general intelligence, and enterprising public spirit of its citizens, 
would require a volume of no ordinary dimensions. In illustration 
of this last particular, it may be stated that the great fire of Decem- 
ber, 1835, destroyed six hundred and fifteen houses, and property to 
the amount of about eighteen millions, and that the buildings were 
mostly rebuilt within eight months after the event. 

NEW JERSEY. 

A very considerable portion of this state, namely, that part ex- 
tending from the Raritan and Trenton to Cape May, being a great 
sandy plain, is unadapted to the prominent agricultural staples of 
wheat, &c. Its extensive pine forests, however, afford supplies of 
fuel to the numerous furnaces of the state, and find a ready market 
in the large adjacent cities. Some tracts, moreover, are found to 



produce abundance of fine fruit, particularly the peach, and vegeta- 
bles, that yield a profitable return in the New York and Philadel- 
phia markets. But the middle section is the most highly improved 
and wealthy part of the state. Valuable iron ores and other mine- 
rals abound in this state. Several thousand manufacturing establish- 
ments, of various kinds, are vigorously prosecuted. The value of 
the iron manufactures is estimated at nearly two milions of dollars 
annually. Many eminent men have gone forth from Nassau Hall, 
Princeton ; and several high schools and academies adorn the state, 
but primary education has been too much neglected. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

The central position of this great state, its wealth, its natural re- 
sources, its grand artificial flues of communication, and its popula- 
tion, make it one of the most important in the Union, and have ob- 
tained for it the honorable distinction of being denominated the 
" Key Stone of the Arch." Like Virginia, it stretches quite across 
the great Appalachian system of mountains. Distinguished topo- 
graphers have boldly asserted that it may be doubted whether a 
more widely diversified region exists on the face of the earth, than 
Pennsylvania, or one of similar area on which the vegetable and 
mineral productions are more numerous ; and, it may be added, the 
climate of which is more congenial to health. Besides marble, 
which it produces of a beautiful variety and excellent texture, the 
state abounds with iron and anthracite coal in quantities literally in- 
exhaustible. This highly favored state is, moreover, emphatically 
congenial to wheat, and admits a wide diversity of vegetable produc- 
tions, embracing, in fact, (with the exception of rice) the entire cata- 
logue of cerealia cultivated in the United States. Manufactures are 
also carried on in great variety and extent, many of which are of 
superior excellence. Improvements for internal intercommunication 
have been executed on a grand scale, extending over broad and rapid 
rivers, through rugged defiles, and over lofty mountains. Pennsyl- 
vania has the honor of having constructed the first turnpike in the 
United States. Philadelphia, the most regularly laid out, and hand- 
somely built city in the world, is second only to New York in popu- 
lation, and while it is inferior only to that city and Boston (on this 
continent) in commerce, it yields to none in the Union in the wealth, 
enterprise, and intelligence of its citizens. Time would fail to de- 
scribe the number and excellence of its literary and benevolent in- 
stitutions. Free schools abound in the city, and the legislature in 
its wisdom has not very long since perceived the importance and 
propriety of extending them throughout the state. There are nine 
hundred and thirty-three school districts, of these, eight hundred and 
forty have accepted the provisions of the law for their support. 
During the past year, there were in these accepting districts, three 
thousand seven hundred and fifty-eight male teachers, one thousand 
nine hundred and seventy-four female teachers, five thousand two 
hundred and sixty-nine schools, one hundred and twenty-seven thou- 



93 

sand, six hundred and seventy-seven male scholars, one hundred and 
six thousand and forty-two females. Among the distinguished citizens 
of this state, who have long labored to establish the common or free 
school system, perhaps no name stands so conspicuously pre-emi- 
nent as that of Joseph R. Chandler, Esq., whose consistent, able, 
and persevering efforts in this noble cause, have justly entitled him 
to the esteem and admiration of his fellow-citizens. 

DELAWARE. 

Delaware, after Rhode Island, is the smallest state in the Union ; 
and in point of population, inferior to that state, sending but one 
member to lower house of Congress. The more northern parts ot 
the state are slightly undulating, but it becomes almost a perfect 
level towards the ocean. The soil is generally thin and marshy, but 
in some places the land is rich, and well adapted to the productions 
of wheat, which may be said to constitute the staple commodity of 
the state. There were in the state, in 1833, some fifteen or twenty 
cotton mills, besides machine shops, foundries, woollen manufacto- 
ries, paper mills, two powder mills, producing upward of a million 
of pounds, twenty quercitron mills, seventy-two flour mills, produ- 
cing upward of one hundred and thirty thousand barrels of flour and 
Indian corn meal per annum ; some forty or fifty saw mills, &c., and 
Wilmington has several ships engaged in the whale fishery. The 
state is divided into school districts, which are authorized to lay a 
tax for the support of free schools. The number of school districts 
is one hundred and thirty-three. 

MARYLAND. 

This state being completely, though irregularly, divided in nearly 
its entire length, by the famous Chesapeake Bay, presents in what 
may be termed its ground plan, a very unique and singular appear- 
ance. That section of the state lying east of this great estuary, and 
usually denominated the " Eastern Shore," consists, for the most 
part, of an extensive sandy and clayey level. It is, however, by n.o 
means unproductive ; Indian corn and wheat being the agricultural 
staples. The same articles, with tobacco, are the staples of the 
western section ; the soil of which is generally non-productive, and 
its broad, moist valleys, forming fertile meadows, and luxuriant pas- 
tures ; great quantities of flour, and Indian corn meal are annually 
exported from this state. An abundance of valuable minerals is also 
found, particularly ihe iron and other ores, yielding metal of excel- 
lent quality. Manufactures are carried on to a very considerable 
extent. The herring and shad fisheries constitute an important arti- 
cle of trade, and yield a valuable return. Commerce is extensive, 
the shipping amounting to about one hundred thousand tons. The 
superiority of the Baltimore naval architecture, particularly as ap- 
plied to vessels of smaller construction, has long been proverbial. 
The enterprise of the citizens of Maryland is conspicuously exhibit- 



94 

ed in its magnificent public works, most of which are on a gigantic 
scale. Various scientific and literary institutions flourish in this 
state ; colleges, academies, and high schools are fostered by liberal 
appropriation, and considerable provision has been made for the 
education of indigent children. 

VIRGINIA. 

This state, covering an area greater than that of England, is " the 
largest and most central state in the Union ; and being perhaps the 
most varied in her productions, the richest in natural resources, 
blessed with a most happy climate, abundantly supplied with noble 
channels of communication, exhibiting over her spacious bosom a 
pleasant interchange of the wildest and most lovely scenes, Virginia 
seems to possess within herself the elements of an empire. Nor to 
the American heart are the historical associations connected with 
the " Old Dominion," as she is fondly called by her children, of less 
interest ; here the first English colony in America was planted. 
Virginia disputes the honor with Massachusetts, of having given 
the first impetus to the ball of the revolution. She gave birlh to the 
Father of his Country ; and his mortal remains repose in her soil. 
Professor W. B. Rogers's " Geological Reconnoisance," demon- 
strates the mineral wealth of this state to be boundless ; and the 
citizens are beginning to realize now, more than formerly, the great 
importance of bringing forth these hidden treasures from the bowels 
of the earth. The hydro-sulphurous springs of Virginia have been 
long celebrated ; their eflBcacy in cases resulting from derangement 
of the liver, and want of function of this organ and the stomach, is, 
perhaps, unsurpassed by any in the world. And the Warm and Hot 
Springs, also found here, are not less salutary in rheumatic and cu- 
taneous diseases. Indian corn, wheat, and tobacco, are the princi- 
pal agricultural productions, and cotton is raised in the southeastern 
counties to an extent of some three hundred and fifty thousand bales 
per annum. There are valuable public works for facilitating the 
intercommunication between the different parts of the state. Prima- 
ry schools for instructing poor children are in part supported by the 
literary fund of the state. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

North Qarolina, in its vsrhole width, for about sixty miles from the 
sea, is generally a dead level, supposed at no great distance of time 
to have been covered by water, and is varied only by occasional 
springs in the immense forests with which it is covered. But be- 
yond this a beautiAil country is seen stretching west, of a fertile soil, 
and adorned with forests and lofty trees. The soil and productions 
of the hilly country are nearly the same as in the northern states, 
Orchard fruits are produced in abundance, particularly the apple, 
,and peach. Grain is cultivated to some extent, and cotton is raised 
in considerable quantities ; the cotton crop is about thirty-five thou- 



95 

sand bales. Some valuable mineral productions abound in this state, 
particularly gold and iron. A mint for the coinage of gold has been 
erected, and is in operation in this slate. The pine forests which 
cover nearly the whole of the eastern part of the state, yield not only 
much lumber for exportation, but nearly all the resinous matter used 
in ship building in the country. No system of general education 
has been adopted- 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

This state, for one hundred miles from the sea, presents a forest 
of pitch-pine, varied only with occasional swampy tracts. Beyond 
this is what is called the Middle Country, consisting, for the most 
part of low, sandy hills, of an undulating appearance. Still farther 
westward, the country gradually ascends, exhibiting a beautiful 
alternation of hill and dale, interspersed with extensive forests 
and watered by pleasant streams. Gold and iron ore are found in the 
western section of the state, and have yielded some valuable returns ; 
but the mineral resources of the state are, on the whole, inconsidera- 
ble. Cotton and rice are the agricultural staples ; these great sta- 
ples are very extensively cultivated, the cotton crop being abooit sixty- 
six million pounds ; and the annual exports of rice from the United 
States, which are chiefly from this state, amount to nearly two hun- 
dred thousand tierces. There are no manufactures of any import- 
ance in South Carolina, but the commerce of the state is necessarily 
extensive, the exports, including large quantities of the productions 
of Georgia and North Carolina. The shipping belonging to the 
state is disproportionate to the extent of its commerce ; the foreign 
and coasting trade being mostly in the hands of foreigners and 
northern ship owners. Measures, however, have recently been 
adopted by a convention of delegates from several southern states, 
for augmenting this branch of commercial investment, and for en- 
couraging the direct importations of their own merchants. Several 
useful canals have been constructed, but of no great extent. A rail- 
road leading from Charleston to Hamburgh, opposite Savannah, one 
hundred and thirty-five miles, has been some time completed. An- 
other great work is now being constructed, at an estimated cost of 
ten millions of dollars, (the Charleston and Cincinnati railroad,) whole 
distance six hundred miles. Extensive means have been created for 
the education of poor children, both by the state, and various bene- 
volent institutions. 

GEORGIA. 

Georgia, in point of dimensions, is exceeded only by Virginia and 
Missouri, and although the last settled of the Atlantic colonies, has 
been surpassed in prosperity and rapidity of growth by none of the 
eastern states except New York. This state, like the Carolinas, has 
extensive swamps, but large portions of it are blessed with a strong 
productive soil, and a mild and healthy climate, and is represented 



96 

as " being everywhere fertile and delightful ; continually replenished 
by innumerable rivulets, either coursing about th« fragrant hills, or 
springing from the rocky precipices, and forming many cascades ; 
the coolness and purity of whose waters invigorate the air of this 
otherwise hot and sultry climate." Its mineral resources are very 
imperfectly known. No systematic mining operations are carried 
on, although copper and iron have been found. Gold is the most 
valuable mineral yet produced. The sulphurous springs in Butts 
county are much resorted to for their efficacy in cutaneous and 
rheumatic affections. The great agricultural staples are cotton and 
rice ; the other exports are tar, pitch, turpentine, and lumber. The 
value of exports amounts to about eight millions of dollars annually. 
Of imports not much over half a million. A canal from the Savannah 
to the Ogechee, is the only artificial channel of navigation. Rail- 
roads have been constructed to some considerable extent. The in- 
come of a poor school fund is divided among the counties, but there 
is no system of common education. 

ALABAMA. 

The northern part of this state is somewhat mountainous, being 
traversed by the Appalachian chain, yet for the most part pleasantly 
diversified. The central and southern sections assume a more level 
surface, consisting of some extensive plains and pine barrens, inter- 
spersed with alluvial river bottom, of great fertility. Cotton is the 
great agricultural staple ; the crop exceeding four hundred thousand 
bales. Fruits flourish abundantly. Bituminous coal and iron ore 
abound, arid of an excellent quality : several forges on the Catawba 
are in operation. The mineral resources, however, of the state, 
have never been carefully explored. The enterprise of this youthful 
state has been manifested, by the construction of several important 
useful works for intercommunication. Its growth has been extremely 
rapid. Mobile is a flourishing commercial town ; an idea may be 
formed of its advancement by a knowledge of the fact, that in 1830 
the population of Mobile was three thousand, four hundred; in 1835, 
five thousand, three hundred ; and by the census taken last year, it 
was found to be nearly fifteen thousand. The exports of Mobile 
this year, amount to upwards of seventeen millions of dollars. Am- 
ple means are provided in this state for the encouragement and pro- 
motion of learning, and for the gratuitous education of indigent 
children. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

There are no mountains within the limits of this state, but nu- 
merous ranges of hills of moderate elevation, give to greater part of 
the surface an undulating and diversified character. The eastern 
border is characterized by an extensive region of swamps, subject to 
annual inundations. There is one tract between the Mississippi and 
Yazoo one hundred miles in length, by fifty in breadth, that is an- 



97 

nually overflowed. The state contains a great number of running 
streams, and much excellent land exists along these streams through- 
out the whole state. Tobacco and indigo were formerly the staples 
of Mississippi, but cotton at present is the chief production of the 
state ; the crop is about three hundred and twenty-five thousand 
bales. Some works of magnitude have been completed for facilita- 
ting the transportation of the bulky staple of the state. The popu- 
lation of Mississippi has increased with astonishing rapidity. By act 
of Congress, one section of six hundred and forty acres of the pub- 
lic lands, in each township, was reserved for the support of common 
schools in the township ; the slate has also a literary fund devoted 
to the same purpose. 

LOUISIANA. 

Perhaps it would be difficult to find on earth, a continuous tract 
of equal extent, presenting a greater diversity than Louisiana. With- 
in its limits are included all the varieties, from the most recent, and 
still periodically inundated alluvium, to hills approaching the mag- 
nitude of mountains ; every quality of soil, from the most productive 
to the most sterile, and from unwooded plains to dense forests. A 
large extent of country in this state is annually overflowed by the 
Mississippi. The staples are cotton and sugar ; the latter is produ- 
ced c«nly in the southern part of the state, and aff'ords a crop of about 
one hundred thousand hogsheads ; cotton is cultivated wherever the 
soil is suitable ; the crop amounts to upward of two hundred thou- 
sand bales. Rice, maize, tobacco, and indigo are also produced. 
Lumber is also cut for exportation; and tar, pitch, and turpentine are 
prepared. Herds of cattle and horses are grazed on the fine pas- 
tures of the prairies. A number of valuable railroads have been 
constructed in the state. New Orleans is the principal city in the 
United States southwest of Baltimore ; and is the third commercial 
mart in the Union. Valuable public lands have been reserved in 
Louisiana for the creation of a school fund ; and some considerable 
attempts have been made to provide for the education of poor chil- 
dren. 

OHIO. 

The steady onward course of this noble and interesting state, has 
furnished ample scope for the topographer's pen. The rapid growth 
of its population has never been paralleled. In the census of 1800, 
it ranked in the number of its inhabitants, the eighteenth state in the 
Union ; in 1 830, the fourth ; and in the census to be taken this 
year, it will doubtless lake precedence of Virginia in this respect : 
thus making it, in population, inferior only to New York and Penn- 
sylvania. The soil is generally fertile, and highly productive. Indian 
corn and wheat are staples raised with much ease, and in great 
abundance. Rye, oats, buckwheat, barley, potatoes, &c., and all 
manner of garden vegetables, are cultivated to great perfection. 
Fruits, of almost every variety, are very plentifully produced. Swine 



98 

is 60 great a blaplc, tlial Cinciiiiiali lias bee)) deiioniiiiated "the pork 
market of tlie world." Immense droves of fat cattle are sent from 
this to the eastern and southern states. The tobacco crop is esti- 
mated at some thirty thousand liogsheads. Numerous and important 
manufactures are snccessiully cfirried on. Coal is found in great 
(juantities in the eastern parti«. The public works are of a character 
and magnitude to strike us wiili surprise, when wc consider the in- 
iancy of the state. A system of general education has been organ- 
ized, but is not yet in efficient operation throughout the state. 

INDIANA. 

The soil of this slate is generally productive, and most of it high- 
ly fertile. Much excellent timber abounds, interspersed with beau- 
tiful prairies. The agricultural exports are beef, pork, cattle, horses, 
swine, Indian corn, tobacco, &c. The climate healthy and pleasant, 
Very considerable commercial advantages are enjoyed by this state, 
both by its position, and the numerous navigable streams that flow 
through it. Public works of internal improvement have been con- 
structed on a scale commensurate with their great importance to the 
prosperity of the state. Some twenty-one millions of dollars have 
been appropriated to this purpose the present year. The tide of 
emigration has steadily flowed into this state for some ten or fifteen 
years past ; and its population has, consequently, increased with 
great rapidity. In the census of 1800, it numbered two thousand, 
six hundred and forty-one inhabitants ; it is now estimated to contain 
but little short of one million. A reservation of public lands, for the 
support of common schools in this state, has been made by Con- 
gress, similar to those of the other new states. The constitution of 
Indiana contains the following important provision respecting gene- 
ral education : " It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, as 
soon as circumstances will permit, to provide by law for a general 
system of education, ascending in a regular gradation from township 
schools to a state university, wherein tuition shall be gratis, and 
efjually open to all.'' Circumstances, however, have not yet permit- 
ted this noble clause to have a practical effect. 

ILLINOIS. 

Perhaps no stntc in the Union offers greater inducements to the 
immigrant than Illinois. The land is admirably adapted to all the 
purposes of the agriculturist, and, in many important tracts, is rich 
in the extreme. Seventy-five bushels of corn to the acre, is said to 
be an ordinary crop in these fine sections. Maize is the staple pro- 
duction of the state, and the average produce is fifty bushels to the 
acre. Wheat is also raised in large quantities, and yields flour of 
superior quality. Large herds of cattle are kept with little trouble; 
thousands of hogs arc raised with very inconsiderable attention and 
expense. Coal is abundant in almost all parts of the state. In the 
nortiiwcstern part, wheic the soil is comparatively inferior, lead is 



90 

lound 111 exhaustless qudutities. The amount of lead smelted m a 
single year, has exceeded thirteen million pounds, but the quantity 
now annually smelted, does not, perhaps, exceed half that amount. 
The same provision has been made by Congress for the support of 
public schools in this as in the other new states, but the scattered 
slate ot the population has as yet prevented a general system of 
jnibUc education from being carried into operation. 

K E N T U C K Y. 

Though irregular and uneven in its surface, Kentucky is unsur- 
passed in point of fertihty of soil. The region watered by the Lick- 
ing, Kentucky, and fcialt rivers, is justly described as the garden of 
the state ; an epithet to which the exceeding beauty of its scenery, 
the great richness of the soil, and the fine springs and streams m 
which it abounds, amply entitles it. The state is bountifully sup- 
plied with noble rivers, and useful streams. Iron and salt are made 
ju considerable quantities; and bituminous coal is widely difTused. 
Agriculture, however, is the general occupation of the inhabitants, 
and Indian corn, wheat, hemp, and tobacco, are the great staples of 
the state. Cotton is raised, but chiefly for home consumption. The 
line pastures afford an ample range for cattle and horses, and many 
thousands of these are annually driven out of the state. Several 
prominent agriculturists have contributed largely toward improving 
the breed of the former, by the introduction of the Durham Short- 
honis : among these enterprizing citizens the honorable Henry Clay 
stands pre-eminent. The spirit and bottom of Kentucky horses, 
have long been proverbial. Besides the staples above enumerated, 
salt beef and pork, bacon, butter, and cheese, are largely exported. 
Manufactures are ot considerable value, and daily growing in impor- 
tance. Some important works have been executed for the purpose 
of extending the facihties of transportation afforded by the natural 
channels. A railroad extends from Lexington to Louisville, ninety 
miles. Several excellent turnpike or MMdamised roads have also 
been made. No system of popular education has been adopted in 
this slate, but in many of the counties common schools are sup- 
ported. 

TENNESSEE. 

Tennessee is marked by bold features. " There can be nothing," 
says Mr. Flint, " of grand and imposing of scenery, nothing striking 
and picturesque in cascades and precipitous sides of mountains co- 
vered with woods, nothing romantic and delightful in deep and shel- 
tered valleys, through which wind still and clear streams, which is 
not found in this state." If there is a greater proportion of land that 
is unfit for cultivation in Tennessee than in some other states, it has 
the advantage of possessing a soil of first rate quality in that which 
is cultivated. Agriculture forms the principal occupation of the in- 
habitants. Indian corn and cotton are the staples. Tobacco, hemp, 



1 0(^ 

and wheat are also raised in considerable quantilies. In East Ten- 
nessee grazing is much attended to, and great numbers of live stock 
are driven to the eastern markets. Some valuable minerals are pro- 
duced, particularly iron and coal. The state has a school fund, the 
interest of which is distributed to such school districts as provide a 
school-house, but little has yet been done toward the establishment 
of a common school system throughout the state. 

MISSOURI. 

In point of dimensions, this is the second state in the Union. Af- 
ter making ample deductions for inferior soil, ranges of barren hills, 
and large tracts of swamps, the state of Missouri contains a vast pro- 
portion of excellent farming land. Some cotton is raised, but tobacco 
is more extensively grown ; and hemp, wheat, and Indian corn, and 
the other cereal grains are cultivated with success. Vast herds of 
cattle, horses, ancl swine are raised ; the prairies affording excellent 
jiatural pastures. The business of raising cattle is almost reduced 
to the simple operation of turning them upon these prairies, and let- 
ting them fatten until the owners think proper to claim the tribute of 
their flesh. The mineral treasures are very great. The mineral 
districts are characterized by the abundance and richnessof their lead. 
Iron is also found in inexhaustible quantities ; likewise manganese, 
zinc, antimony, arsenic, plumbago, and other minerals of minor im- 
portance. The people, generally, are enterprizing, hardy, and in- 
dustrious. The constitution of Missouri contains some salutary pro- 
visions for the especial benefit of slaves, granting them trial by jury, 
&c., but the common school system for the education of her indi- 
gent children, seems to have been overlooked. 

MICHIGAN. 

In point of fertility this state is not surpassed by any tract of equal 
extent in the world ; in the southern part, particularly, there are al- 
luvial lands of great extent, with a rich vegetable mould, of from 
three to six feet in depth ; and although the northern part is not so 
exuberantly fertile, yet it contains a large proportion of excellent 
land. Scattered over the surface, embosomed in beautiful groves, 
are numerous sheets of the most pure and limpid water, supplied by 
fountains, and bordered by clear, sandy shores. The constitution 
provides for a system of common schools, by which a school shall 
be kept up and supported in each school district, at least three 
months in every year ; and as soon as the circumstances of the state 
will permit, shall provide for the establishment of libraries, one at 
least in each township. 

ARKANSAS. 

This young state, though at present but thinly peopled, abounding 
with extensive swamps, and some sterile tracts, yet offers many attrac- 



101 

lions to emigrants. Much of its land being highly productive, and 
of extraordinary fertility. These attractions have not been without 
effect upon the minds of the immigrating multitudes, thousands of 
whom are annually swelling the population of this thriving and ra- 
pidly growing stale. Cotton and maize are the staples. Lead, coal, 
salt, and iron abound. The country is admirably adapted to grazing. 
No system of common schools has as yet been adopted. 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

This is a territory ten miles square, and under the immediate 
government of Congress. It is divided into Washington and Alex- 
andria counties, and contains the cities of Washington, Georgetown, 
and Alexandria. This district lies on both sides of the Potomac, 
one hundred and twenty miles from its mouth, and was ceded to the 
United States by Maryland and Virginia in 1790. The seat of the 
general government was established within its limits in 1800. The 
city of Washington was laid out, under the superintendence of the 
man whose name it bears, in 17iSl. The plan of the city combines 
regularity with variety, and is adapted to the variations of the sur- 
face, so that the spaces allotted to public buildings, occupy com- 
manding positions. The grand avenues are from one hundred and 
thirty to one hundred and sixty feet wide, and are planted with 
trees ; several of the largest unite at the hill on which the capitol is 
situated : these bear the names of the several states in the Union. 
Georgetown is about three miles west of the capitol, and is plea- 
santly situated, commanding a prospect of the river, neighboring city, 
and the diversified country in the vicinity. Alexandria is six miles 
below Washington, on the opposite side of the Potomac, and is a 
place of considerable commerce. The soil in the District is gene- 
rally poor, but a portion of it is highly cultivated. 

FLORIDA TERRITORY. 

Florida resembles the low country of the southern states ; the 
surface being moderately uneven and barren, except along the banks 
of rivers and lakes, where it is very fertile. It is interspersed with 
numerous ponds, lakes, and rivers. The southern part of the penin- 
sula is a mere marsh, and terminates at Cape Sable in heaps of sharp 
rocks. But a small portion of the country is under cultivation. Live 
oak timber, which is of great value in ship building, grows to a large 
size. The more fertile parts are well adapted to the production of 
cotton, tobacco, sugar, and corn ; oranges, figs, dates, and pomegra- 
nates, are among its fruits. There are some two or three thousand 
Indians, who have been carrying on hostilities against the whites for 
several years past. 

WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 

This territory formed, until the year 1836, the western division of 
Michig^rx cerritory. Number of square miles, three hundred thou- 
sand ; population in 1830, three thousand, six hundred and thirty- 



102 

live; in 18:36, iwonly-lwo ihousaiul, liirec hundi-cJ and ivvcnly. A 
large portion of this country is but little known, and is still in the 
occupancy of the Indians. It is yet thinly settled Hs great mineral 
resources, fertile soil, and fine climate are, however, attracting nu- 
merous emigrants. Lead, copper, and iron are found in great abun- 
dance. 

I O ^^^ A T E R R I T O R Y. 

Iowa territory was organized by Congress in 183S. During the 
two preceding years it formed the western division of Wisconsin. 
The country so far as it has been explored, is beautiful in appear- 
ance, and of uncommon fertility of soil. Most luxuriant crops of 
corn, wheat, and oats, are produced. Lead, the principal mineral, is 
found in great abundance ; and the finest lead mines in the United 
States, are those worked in the vicinity of Dubuque. Coal, iron, and 
limestone also abound. 

INDIAN TERRITORY. 

This territory is assigned by the United States government for 
the residence of those Indians who have emigrated or may emigrate 
from the eastern part of the Union. The atmosphere is salubiious, 
and the climate delightful. It contains coal, some lead and iron ore, 
and many saline springs, suitable for the manufacturing of salt. 
The most serious defect is the want of timber. The Indians devote 
considerable time to agriculture. About five hundred bales of cot- 
ton were raised by the Choctaws in 1835. Number of square miles, 
two hundred and forty thousand. 

MISSOURI TERRITORY. 

Missouri territory is a vast wilderness, thinly settled only by dif- 
ferent tribes of Indians, many of whom have no permanent residence. 
It consists of extensive prairies, over which roam countless droves 
of buffalo, elk, deer, and wild horses. This region is visited by 
white traders who barter with the Indians for skins of buffaloes, 
bears, beavers, &c., taken by them in hunting. Square miles, three 
hundred thousand. 

OREGON TERRITORY. 

This territory is the most western part of the United States. It 
extends from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific ocean. In many 
parts the soil is fertile, and well adapted to farming. Wheat, corn, 
and vegetables are raised in excellent quality. Pine trees of enor- 
mous JDulk grow on Columbia river, and many of them attain the 
height of two hundred and fifty feet. Though claimed by the United 
States, the territory is at present actually in the possession of Great 
Britain. The traders of the Hudson's Bay Company have establish- 
ed forts at various points. Population eighty thousand ; number of 
square miles, four liimdred and fifty thousand. 



^c^^ 



THE 

MIERICAN CITIZEN'S 

MANUAL OF REFERENCE: 

BEINO A COMPREHENSIVE 

HISTORICAL, STATISTICAL, TOPOGRAPHICAL, AND 
POLITICAL VIEW 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA, 

AND OF THE 

SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES. 




i 



I 

®)j 



CAREFULLY COMPILED FROM THE LATEST AUTHORITIES, 
AND PUBLISHED BY 

W. HOBART HADLEY, 

NEW- YORK. 

Stereotyped by Vincent L. Dill, 12S Fulton-street. 
Printed by S. W. Benedict, 128 Fulton-street. 

1840. 



C 311 






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